Purpose. To perform a quantitative and qualitative impact assessment from point and diffuse sources of anthropo genic pollution on the Prut River basin within Ukraine. Methodology. Based on the developed statistical information and the use of the Guidance Paper on Impact Anal ysis and Risk Assessment in accordance with the EU Water Directive (EU project "Environmental protection of in ternational river basins"), load calculations have been carried out on four factors influencing the Prut ecosystem, namely, volumes of discharges of untreated sewage, the total share of sewage in the river, from agriculture and live stock production. findings. The main anthropogenic loads on the Prut river basin within IvanoFrankivsk and Chernivtsi regions of Ukraine from point and diffuse sources have been analyzed and calculated. In fact, it has been confirmed that diffuse sources are the main pollutants of the Prut ecosystem. Noncanalized area caused the emission of organic and nutri ent compounds into the river basin. According to the calculation of the indicators of diffuse load, water massifs in Kitsman, Kolomyia and Snyatyn districts are "possibly at risk" from agriculture, and in Hertzayivsky district-from livestock. The largest point polluters in the Prut River are communal enterprises of the settlements in Kolomyia and Chernivtsi. originality. The methodology for estimating loads on the river basin has been further developed by calculating load indicators, which allows the development and implementation of effective methods and tools for controlling the ecological safety of aquatic ecosystems. Practical value. The results obtained are the basis for adapting European approaches to integrated water resources management and developing measures to minimize the risks from human activities in the Prut basin. The work has been implemented at the national level in the process of drafting the Prut River Basin Management Plan in the frame work of the international project "Environmental protection of international river basins" (EPIRB) and improvement of the water monitoring system in the Carpathian National Nature Park.
The Carpathian region is distinguished by a high tourist flow and variety of hotels. The need for consumption of quality drinking water for tourists and local population is determined. Underground sources and wells constitute a water supply of accommodation facilities in this region. The issue of drinking water quality in the Carpathians remains poorly studied. It is necessary to realize the landscape, the content of heavy metals in the rocks, the differences in elevation, and tourist flow that can cause diffusion pollution. Sources of water supply in the tourist area of the Ukrainian Carpathians are the subject of the article. The sociological survey of the owners of local tourist accommodation facilities showed that 17.5% use surface sources, 48.8% use underground sources, 32.5% use mixed sources, 56.2% of respondents dispose of sewage disposal without proper water reclamation. We took samples of drinking water from sources, wells in this region and analyzed such indicators as pH, temperature, altitude, nitrates and nitrites, phosphates, ammonium, and mineralization. Sensafe's visual membrane tests for drinking water determined heavy metals such as Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Hg, Fe in the water samples. The functional dependence of the content of heavy metals and the altitude zonation of drinking water sources for the region іs described by the equation y = -0.059ln(x) + 0.4219.
The study solved the problem of analyzing the background spatial-factorial patterns of distribution of quantitative and qualitative indicators of groundwater sources and surface waters within the upper part of the Prut River that belongs to the Danube River basin. The studies have been conducted within the Carpathian National Nature Park, located on the northeastern slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The basic regularities and peculiarities of the distribution of springs in the researched territory have been studied by means of factor analysis of the set of estimation parameters and the relationships between them. Patterns of changes in the concentrations of the natural components of the qualitative composition of the hydro-ecosystem have been found, depending on the altitude of the terrain. Similar data has been obtained in the analysis of the relationship between the average geometric components of the chemical composition of natural waters and the length of the river. Trend lines and equations have been obtained, which can be used to determine the background normative values of natural water components along the length of the stream and the altitude of the basin for individual seasons and phases of water. In this paper, for the first time, the functional natural pattern of hydro-ecosystems of the upper part of the Danube basin within the northeastern slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians is shown to increase its qualitative potential with increasing absolute altitude above sea level for nature conservation territory.
The aim of the article is to investigate the water quality in the Prut River, which tends to tourist destinations, and to establish the interdependence of the water pollution index with the number of tourists visited in the Yaremche Tourist Cluster. The article scientifically proves the indirect influence of tourist flow on water quality in the Prut River. Water samples from the Prut River were taken, such as pH, temperature, nitrates and nitrites, phosphates, ammonium and mineralization were analyzed. Using membrane tests Sensafe in water samples, we determined the content of the following metals: Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Hg, Fe. Based on the results, we calculated the water pollution index, which is 0.52. It is established that the water is clean. IZV is determined at each point of water withdrawal in the dynamics during 2016-2020, the interdependence of water quality of the Prut River with the number of visitors to the tourist destination. The forecast of the index of water pollution and tourist flow for 2021-2025 is carried out using the data received in the operating system Exel. It is proved that with the growth of tourists the water quality deteriorates, although it fluctuates within the norm.
The aim of research was to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of the buffer capacity of the recreational environment of the Carpathian region of Ukraine through the improvement of self-purification assessment on the example of natural-technogenic hydroecosystems. Studies of the self-purification process were carried out on the example of the right tributaries of the river Svicha in the Carpathian region, which are water intakes of wastewater from the oil and gas industry enterprise of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The main factors influencing the natural process of self-purification of natural watercourses are determined. As a result, the indicator of wastewater dilution intensity was improved with the substantiation of the proposed coefficients, which depend on the value of the river flow velocity and water temperature. A scale for assessing surface waters has been developed, that allows to determine the degree of natural self-purification of water from pollutants. Based on the results of the analysis of selected water samples, the pattern of self-purification of natural watercourses from oil products is obtained, which will allow to make forecast maps of the buffer capacity of the recreational environment of the Carpathian region. A regression analysis was performed, which proves the relationship between the content of petroleum products and the distance of their distribution from the source of pollution in the Lushchava River. Fisher's F-test was used to check the significance of the dependence. The reliability of the relationship between the indicators is confirmed by the coefficient of determination (D = r2), which is 0.96. Summarizing the results of the study the scale of estimation of natural self-purification of surface waters from pollutants depending on the calculated indicator of wastewater dilution intensity which’s criteria are the accounting for speed of a river flow and a temperature mode is offered. When establishing the range of n values, the average value of the calculated indicator of the intensity of wastewater dilution for the studied rivers, which is 4, was taken into account. As a result, the proposed scale of assessment of natural self-purification of surface waters allows to determine the degree of self-purification of the right tributaries of the river Svicha, which is necessary for further forecasting of water pollution in the Carpathian region.
This study is devoted to the two major hydro-ecosystems of the Carpathian region in Ukraine, the Dniester and Danube Rivers. For the first time, the patterns of changes in the ecosystems’ quality parameters were established by means of developing functional dependences among the ecological standard values of the composite quality indicators of natural waters and the river length and terrain altitude. Using the statistical processing of the data, the quality monitoring of the upper reaches of Dniester and Danube ecosystems in the Ukrainian Carpathians was conducted for the period from 2001 to 2019. The data on the Composite Potential Quality Indicators standard values was gathered for the heights of the Carpathian region: at 50 m interval for the altitude up to 1,000 m, and at 100 m interval for more than 1,000 m altitude. The acquired dependencies can be used as the territorial background standard values of the ecological indicators of basin ecosystems. It will help to scientifically substantiate the ecologically safe values of the anthropogenic pressure.
Wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on Earth. They improve water quality, control floods, regulate global carbon levels, have significant cultural and recreational values, and provide habitat for plants and animals uniquely adapted to living in wet conditions. Wetlands are diverse, hydrologically complex ecosystems, which tend to develop within a hydrological gradient going from terrestrial to mainly aquatic habitats [1]. In 2019, two wetlands of the Carpathian National Nature Park (CNNP), Ukraine, were identified by the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention as wetlands of international importance. The Prut River Heeadwaters Wetland is in the focus of this study. It belongs to Prut River basin that is very important transboundary tributaries of the Danube River. The Site acts as a flood regulator, and a freshwater reservoir, providing drinking water to people within the Prut River basin. The wetland is biodiversity hotspot with valuable species, many of them are listed as threatened in the national and global Red Lists, and a great number are endemic to the Eastern Carpathian biogeographic region. Due to the favourable climate and availability of almost undisturbed landscapes, the wetlands are very popular for visitors. In this study key research task is to apply Rapid Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services (RAWES) approach to the Prut River Headwaters Wetland in order to provide a qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of a comprehensive range of wetland ecosystem services. The objective of the RAWES approach is to facilitate an assessment of the plurality of benefits provided by a wetland, which can be considered genuinely rapid, involving limited resources.
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