The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the influence of silver nanoparticles on Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. (FC) spores. The silver nanoparticles were produced by the high-voltage arc discharge method. To test the effect of silver nanoparticles on FC spores, 3 parameters were tested. One of these parameters was the vegetative mycelial growth in 2 experiments. The first involved the growth of FC spores on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium after contact with 0.12-10 ppm of silver nanoparticles, and the second the growth of spores after contact with 0.12-2.5 ppm solutions of silver, but with culturing on 3 types of media (PDA, nutrient-poor PDA, and agar) instead. The next parameter was the formation of spores after the mycelia were cultured. The last parameter was spore germination in a 2.5 ppm solution of silver nanoparticles. A significant reduction in mycelial growth was observed for spores incubated with silver nanoparticles. This relationship was dependent on the incubation time and type of growth medium, but did not depend significantly on the concentration of silver nanoparticles up to 2.5 ppm. The sporulation test showed that, relative to control samples, the number of spores formed by mycelia increased in the culture after contact with silver nanoparticles, especially on the nutrient-poor PDA medium. The 24 h incubation of FC spores with a 2.5 ppm solution of silver nanoparticles greatly reduced the number of germinating fragments and sprout length relative to the control.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced using the high-voltage arc discharge method on the growth and metabolism of common wheat seedlings. Additionally, a simultaneous assessment of the AgNP-induced reduction in seedling infection by Fusarium culmorum (Fc) was performed. AgNP-and Fc-treated seedlings indicated that both factors considerably inhibited their growth. A significant Fc-induced reduction in seedling blight was observed following treatment with AgNPs; however, treatment with nanoparticles was also accompanied by a serious disintegration of the cell membranes of roots. Moreover, treatment with AgNPs increased the quantum efficiency of energy trapping in the PSII reaction centre (F v /F m ) with a simultaneous decrease in energy dissipation in the form of heat. Induction of photosynthesis in the presence of AgNPs did not affect height but was reflected in higher total dry weight. Moreover, analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity typical for the stress response indicated the toxicity of AgNPs treatment compared to Fc treatment. Seedlings exposed to AgNP activity demonstrated accumulation of Ag in roots and its translocation to aerial parts, while the pathogen reduced both accumulation and translocation of this element.
Kinetic energy distributions of alkali-metal atoms (sodium and rubidium) desorbed from polydimethylsiloxane coated glasses via visible ͑532 nm͒ and near-infrared ͑1064 nm͒ laser irradiation are determined. In each case the time-of-flight spectra show a single desorption peak. In the case of sodium the mean kinetic energy of the desorbing atoms depends on the photon energy and linearly on the laser fluence. Evanescent-wave desorption measurements show that the origin of the desorbed atoms is within the bulk of the thin organic film. The results are discussed in terms of electronic excitation and resonant heating, providing values of barrier heights for desorption from PDMS. The observed small barrier heights explain the weak light intensity necessary for light-induced atomic desorption from such systems.
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