Increase in the population demands healthy food, clean air, fresh water and high secured life. To fulfil the above demands, spectrometers such as ultraviolet, Fourier transformation infrared, Raman, HPLC, gas chromatography are used as confirmation tool for identification of materials. The cost and space of above-mentioned instruments are more and to build low-cost spectrometer with high efficiency is a challenging research area for material scientists and engineers. In the present work, an attempt has been made to manufacture a low-cost spectrometer. The spectrometer has been designed using cardboard, DVD, a webcam and free available spectrum software named as theremino. The DVD is used as a diffraction grating and webcam as an image sensor with an overall cost of Rs 1000. This can be used as an instrument for practical demonstration for students and other research purposes for detecting pesticides level in fruits and vegetables, sensing water purity level, edible oils, etc. The spectral range can be improved by removing infrared filter integrated in webcam. The performance of the constructed spectrometer could be upgrade using effective filters and high intense low-cost lasers. This designed spectrometer will be a boon towards application in healthcare, biomedicals and food processing applications.
The present study reports an aquatic hemipteran species Ptilomera agriodes (Schmidt, 1926) distributed in different streams and waterfalls of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for the first time.
The present study investigated zooplankton composition and diversity, along with physicochemical parameters from the littoral regions of Himayat Sagar Reservoir, Telangana, India. A total of 84 zooplankton species were found, including 60 rotifer species, 16 cladoceran species and eight copepod species. Keratella tropica, Lecane bulla, Coronatella rectangula and Mesocyclops sp. were observed frequently throught the study period. The Shannon Diversity Index ranged between H′ = 1.8 and 2.1, with a high diversity observed during the summer season. Dominance was greater during the monsoon and winter seasons, being represented by Brachionus calyciflorus, B. angularis, B. falcatus, Keratella tropica, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Diaphanosoma sarsi and Mesocyclops sp. Correlation coefficients and principal component analysis indicated temperature, pH and nutrients had a major influence on zooplankton community changes in this reservoir. The environmental variables and diversity indices indicated seasonally fluctuating trophic conditions. Himayat Sagar Reservoir requires long‐term monitoring for assessment and better management of its faunal diversity and water quality.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.