Human intact tibiae were tested using the static bending method to learn about the relationship between the fracture surface and the failure mode. The bending test was applied to test pieces and to whole bones. The fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bone fracture is closely related to the architecture of the bone substance, especially to the direction of the Haversian canals and the lamellae. The failure mode and the sequence of the break line of the bone can be found out by the observation on the fracture surface. Hardly any crushing effects caused by the compressive force is seen. The mechanical properties of the fractured bone can be estimated to some extend by considering the direction of the break line and the failure mode. The strength calculated by the simple beam formula for elastic materials can not be obtained directly because of the plastic deformation of the bone. The results of the tensile test may be applied to the fracture using the static bending moment.
Silicon photodiodes (planar PIN) are employed for the read out of scintillation shower counters. We have already reported on a new doping method called molecular layer doping (MLD) which has been developed for a quarter-micron ULSI process.In this study, several types of PIN photodiodes, in which a p+ layer was formed by MLD (MLD-PIN) or BF2 ion implantation (BF2 I/I-PIN), have been examined. The MLD-PIN has a shallow p+ junction depth (x,) with sufficient high surface concentration, and simply and easily provides good performance for a shon-wavelength photo sensitivity.
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