Due to the increasing demand for energy worldwide, photovoltaic cooling systems have become an important field of research in recent years. The most important factor affecting the performance of a solar PV cell is its operating temperature. For harvesting heat from solar PV systems, phase change material (PCM) is regarded as the most effective material. As a result, this study discusses and describes the effect of using PCM and NanoPCM (NPCM) in cooling PV cells. This research reviews the various feasible hybrid PVT-PCM and PVT-NPCM methods used for cooling PV. The concept focusing on PV cooling technology is discussed where air, water and nanofluid are used as the working medium in combination with PCM and NPCM. It is observed that when high performance heat transfer and improved cooling rate are needed, active cooling methods are favoured, whereas passive cooling methods rely on themselves and don’t require extra power. It is also found that the effectiveness of applying PCM or NPCM for thermal control is heavily influenced by atmospheric air temperatures as well as the precise PCM or NPCM used. It is envisaged that this review will help new researchers better understand the qualities and capabilities of each cooling strategy. They are offered to help investigators quickly identify the basic science that led to the development of the thermal performance system and also improve the overall performance of the PV system.
This review paper studies potential alternative fuels for automobile engine application for compression ignition (CI) engines. Diesel engines are favorable for use due to its fuel consumption and higher torque. Nowadays, we are facing the difficulties of crisis of fossil fuels due to rapid increase in demand of it in automobiles and industries. The use of fossil fuels further leads to environmental degradation by polluting the air. Hence, in the present era, more importance is given on alternative source of energy for running the engines. The representative alternative fuels for CI engines include biodiesel, di (DME), and jet propellent-8 (JP-8). Naphtha can be also used as an alternative fuel for advanced combustion in premixed charge compression ignition. The production methods, storage characteristics, and the supply chain of each alternative fuel are discussed, and are followed by concentrating the attention on the main research topics for the mentioned alternative fuels. Literature survey investigates on relative advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels for application to engine combustion. The engine combustion study consists of the combustion process from spray development, air-fuel mixing characteristics, to the final combustion product formation, which are studied for each alternative fuel. An overview is obtained for alternative fuels together with summaries of engine combustion characteristics for each fuel, in addition to its current status and future scopes.
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