The present study assessed cross-cultural differences in friendship characteristics among children from collectivist and individualist cultures. Same-sex dyads of Grade 3 and Grade 4 students in a middle-class suburb of Toronto, Canada and students from a middle-class suburb of Taipei, Taiwan reported on the presence of companionship, conflict, help, security, and closeness in their friendships. The analysis revealed that long-term stability rates for friendships were not significantly different between nations or between boys and girls. Companionship was a significant predictor of friendship continuation among students in Taiwan. Friends in Taiwan reported significantly less conflict in their relationships than did friends in Canada. There was also greater agreement among friends in Taiwan than in Canada on the presence of conflict in the friendship relationship. RésuméLa présente étude a porté sur les différences transculturelles des particularités de l'amitié chez des enfants appartenant à des cultures collectiviste et individualiste. Des dyades de même sexe, composées d'élèves de 3 e et 4 e année d'une banlieue de classe moyenne de la Toronto, au Canada, et d'élèves d'une banlieue de classe moyenne de Taipei, à Taïwan, ont rapporté la présence de camaraderie, de conflit, d'aide, de sécurité et d'intimité dans leurs relations d'amitié. L'analyse des données recueillies a révélé que l'indice de stabilité à long terme de l'amitié ne présentait pas de différences significatives entre les pays ou entre garçons et filles. La camaraderie était un prédicteur important du maintien de l'amitié chez les élèves de Taipei. Les dyades d'amis provenant de Taïwan ont rapporté moins de conflits dans leurs relations d'amitié que ne l'ont fait celles du Canada. On a aussi noté un accord plus marqué quant à la présence de conflit dans les relations d'amitié chez les amis provenant de Taïwan que chez ceux provenant du Canada.

Keywords: Authority dispute; state institutions; constitutional court AbstrakKehadiran berbagai lembaga negara dan lembaga negara independen (komisi negara) pasca reformasi 1998 seringkali memunculkan ketegangan atau pun persengketaan kewenangan antar lembaga negara, baik yang di Pusat maupun di Daerah. Permasalahan yang akan diteliti, pertama, mengapa lembaga-lembaga negara pasca reformasi dapat bersengketa atas kewenangan yang dimilikinya masing-masing? Kedua, bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara di Mahkamah Konstitusi? Penelitian ini menyimpulkan, pertama, munculnya sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara disebabkan lahirnya lembaga-lembaga negara independen ini telah mencabut atau mengurangi sebagian dari kewenangan yang dimiliki dari lembagalembaga yang telah ada sebelumnya. Di samping itu, adanya kebijakan otonomi daerah juga berpotensi menimbulkan sengketa kewenangan antara Pemerintah Daerah dengan Pusat. Kedua, meskipun Mahkamah Konstitusi telah menyidangkan permohonan sengketa lembaga negara sebanyak 25 perkara, namun Mahkamah Konstitusi hanya mengabulkan 1 perkara yakni yakni Perkara No. 03/SKLN-X/2012, yaitu sengketa kewenangan antara KPU dengan Pemerintah Daerah Papua, yakni DPR Papua (Termohon I) dan Gubernur Papua (Termohon 2).

In carrying out the tasks of government carried out by the government apparatus is essentially an emphasis on the function of government that is carried out. Based on the nature of the function of government (governmental power) as an active function in the sense of driving or controlling the life of the people and the state to realize the welfare of the people (welfare staat), and directed to the function of fostering and protecting the community, is the real reason for the role of government intervention in each sector social life, or in other words if it involves public interests, then there is also the implementation of government affairs which become the affairs and responsibilities of the government.

Domestic violence is a form of violation of human rights and crimes against humanity, it is also an act of discrimination. This is also regulated in the 1945 Constitution Article 28 G paragraph (1) and Article 28 H paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution. In the principle of equality the most fundamental thing of human rights is to place people born free and have equality in human rights, while the principle of violation of discrimination is an important part of the principle of equality. This study examines the problem. There are several obstacles that make it difficult to eradicate domestic violence in Indonesia including the rigidity of law enforcement in enforcing regulations and most are still guided by the Criminal Code even though there are regulations governing domestic violence. And there are some weaknesses in the Criminal Code in handling domestic violence. A. BackgroundConsideration of Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence (hereinafter referred to as the PKDRT Law) points a, b and c explain that every citizen has the right to get a sense of security from all forms of violence 1 especially against women 2 , in reality many cases of 1 246 explains that violence against women in the household can occur in various forms as summarized below, namely: 1) Direct physical violence in the form of beatings, burning to vaginal destruction (sexual violence) and indirect physical violence which usually involves hitting the table, slamming doors, breaking plates, cups, places of flowers and others, and being abusive.2) Psychological violence, in the form of harsh words, dirty, and which connotes disparaging and insulting, silence, terrorizing both directly or using certain media, cheating, and leaving leave without clarity for a long time and without responsibility.3) Economic violence, in the form of not providing a living during marriage or limiting the living arbitrarily, allowing or even forcing a wife to work hard, also does not provide a living after a divorce even though the court decides. 4. The combination of various violence as mentioned above both physical, psychological, and economic.