ObjectiveThe role of breakfast energy in total daily energy intake is a matter of debate. Acute feeding experiments demonstrated that high breakfast energy leads to greater overall intake supported by cross-sectional data of a free-living population. On the other hand, a large intraindividual analysis has indicated that a high proportion of breakfast to overall intake is associated with lower daily energy intake. To evaluate these apparently contradictory results in greater detail both ways of analysis were applied to the same data set of dietary records.MethodsOn an intraindividual basis total daily energy intake was related to the absolute values of breakfast energy intake or to the ratio of breakfast to overall intake, respectively. Food intake of 280 obese and 100 normal weight subjects was analyzed who recorded over 10 (obese) or 14 (normal weight) consecutive days, respectively.ResultsIncreasing breakfast energy was associated with greater overall intake in normal weight and obese subjects. The increasing ratio of breakfast to total daily energy intake was associated with a significant reduction of overall intake on days where post-breakfast energy was significantly reduced. Correlational and multiple regression analysis support the concept that absolute breakfast calories have the strongest influence on daily energy intake.ConclusionReduced breakfast energy intake is associated with lower total daily intake. The influence of the ratio of breakfast to overall energy intake largely depends on the post-breakfast rather than breakfast intake pattern. Therefore, overweight and obese subjects should consider the reduction of breakfast calories as a simple option to improve their daily energy balance.

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In a unselected cohort of substantially obese patients, the individual change of eating habits based primarily on food ED in conjunction with beverage intake and meal frequency weight loss continued beyond the supported treatment phase indicating a good patient adherence. We consider these data as an encouraging pilot study that certainly requires confirmation under controlled conditions.

Water, customary rat diet, and a solution of sugar or ethyl alcohol were placed in the cages of white rats. They were to regulate their food and liquid intake from these without any influence from the experimenter. Alcohol, ranging in concentrations from 2 to 36%, was consumed by the rats "in such a way as to absorb always the same absolute amount of alcohol, independent of the concentration." Consumption of alcohol led to a drop in food intake, the drop being such as to maintain at all times an equal caloric intake. The water intake was also reduced with consumption of alcohol. When the intake of alcohol was optional, the animals did not consume enough to lower their activity records in revolving drums. With forced alcohol drinking, activity showed a marked drop. "In the case of optional sugar consumption the same three-fold regulation takes place: (a) the same absolute amount of sugar is consumed; (b) the food intake is constant." Kola increased activity. Bibliography.

Aims: Measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE) were compared with the data of 14 equations to determine their accuracy. Methods: REE measurements by indirect calorimetry in 1,032 unselected overweight and obese men (n = 306) and women (n = 726) were compared with calculations by 14 different formulas. Results: The mean (± SD) values calculated with the Owen, Robertson and Reid and WHO-I equations were not significantly different from our measurement of 1,682 ± 441.9 kcal/24 h. The values obtained with the Livingston, Mifflin, Müller and Bernstein equations were significantly different but still within a range of ±100 kcal/24 h. For females, the best comparison was observed with the Müller equation which, however, differed substantially in males. For men, the Cunningham equation was best, but it gave the worst comparison in women. A good individual match was only obtained with the equation of Robertson and Reid in 34% of the men and with the Owen equation in 38% of the women. All other formulas were less accurate. Drug treatment for 55% of the subjects had no effect on the mismatch between calculated and measured data. Conclusion: Calculations of REE with most equations seem to be valid in a group analysis but they are not helpful for the estimation of an obese patient's individual energy expenditure.

Small day-to-day changes of EI are due to increased meal quantities while greater fluctuations are also due to higher food ED. The present data suggest that modification of FQ by cognitive and sensory factors plays an important role in the variation of daily EI under real life conditions with no major difference between normal weight and obese subjects.

Keywords• " energy intake • " food quantity • " energy density • " gender • " frequency of food consumption Bibliografie

Die physiologische Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme hat sich ?ber Jahrmillionen entwickelt. Zuzugreifen wenn immer sich die Gelegenheit dazu bietet stellt einen ?berlebensvorteil in Zeiten unsicherer Nahrungszufuhr dar. Bei einem ?berangebot schmackhafter Nahrung in der heutigen Gesellschaft ist jedoch ein Energieausgleich durch Phasen niedrigeren Kalorienverzehrs nicht mehr gew?hrleistet. Die Folgen sind Gewichtzunahme, Adipositas und Insulinresistenz, woraus sich bei einem Teil genetisch pr?disponierter Patienten ein Typ-2-Diabetes entwickelt. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnose die meisten Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes noch gen?gend eigenes Insulin haben. Es gilt daher, dieses Insulin durch Gewichtsabnahme wieder wirksam werden zu lassen. Prinzipiell kann mit jeder Ern?hrungsweise, die zu einem Kaloriendefizit f?hrt, Gewicht abgenommen werden. Beim Menschen entsteht S?ttigung durch F?llung und Dehnung des Magens. Daher ist die Energiedichte der verzehrten Lebensmittel von gro?er Bedeutung f?r die Kalorienaufnahme. Die Reduktion der Energiedichte stellt deshalb eine gute Basis f?r individuell ausgerichtete ?nderungen der Essgewohnheiten dar. Die Ergebnisse einer energiedichte-zentrierten Ern?hrungsberatung bei adip?sen Patienten mit und ohne Typ-2-Diabetes zeigen, dass die Patienten die individuell ausgerichteten Empfehlungen gut umsetzen k?nnen, Gewicht abnehmen und auch l?ngerfristig in ihren Lebensalltag integrieren und somit in der Lage sind selbstst?ndig weiter Gewicht zu reduzieren.