Anther culture of four tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) genotypes was studied using ten different culture medium treatments in a randomized block design with four replicates. Each replicate consisted of 2 pots with 3 plants. Anther donor plants were grown in a greenhouse with a 16 h day / 8 h night at 25°C and 15°C, respectively. The first treatment which was considered as the control, was potato 2 medium modified by adding 0.5 g 1-1 glutamine and solidified by gelrite (4 g 1-1). The nine test treatments differed from the control by addition of 3 different concentrations of silver nitrate (1, 2.5 and 5 mg l-l), colchicine (10, 100 and 200 mg 1 -l) or cupric sulfate (2, 5 and 10 mg 1-1). The study of about 2000 anthers per genotype and treatment showed that both genotype and treatment affected embryoid formation. The presence of cupric sulfate (10 mg 1-1) and silver nitrate (2.5 and 5 mg 1-1) usually increased the frequency of embryoid formation in 3 genotypes out of the 4 studied. On the contrary, colchicine had a significant and negative effect on anther culture responses for three out of the four genotypes studied. Because of the large genotype x medium interaction, it is very difficult to identify the best medium for embryo production by all genotypes studied.
Anther culture of 10 tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum) genotypes and two backcross lines representing a wide range of genetic variation was studied in a randomized block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of 2 pots with 3 plants. The day length was 16h and temperature 25°C/15°C for day/night in a controlled greenhouse where the anther donor plants were grown. Two different treatments were used for anther culture. The first one was potato 2 medium (Chuang et al., 1978) modified by adding 0.5 mg/1 glutamine and solidified by gelrite (4 g/l) (Henry & De Buyser, 1981). Cultures were incubated in light (15/x E m -2 S -1) at 26°C at 16 h day length. The second medium was described by Fadel & Wenzel (1990), differing from the first by the nature of the sugar (maltose) and consistency of the medium (semiliquid by ficoll). Anther cultures were incubated in the dark at 28 ° C. The study of about 1300 anthers per genotype and treatment showed that both genotype and treatment affected embryo formation of tetraploid wheat. The backcross lines exhibited significant differences for androgenic abilities when compared to their common parent. Most of the genotypes were medium dependent for androgenesis and revealed significant interactions with the two treatments. Five green plantlets were regeneratedand fertile doubled haploid plants were obtained from three out of the 12 studied genotypes.
Reciprocal substitutions for all chromosomes between the hard red winter wheat cultivars Wichita and Cheyenne were used to investigate the effects of individual chromosomes, as well as their interactions with the genetic background, on androgenesis. Duplicate lines for each chromosome were included to check background homogeneity. Six experiments, two for each genome, were performed. In each experiment, 14 substitution lines, their 14 duplicate lines, and the two parental genotypes ('Cheyenne' and 'Wichita') were studied. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. 'Wichita' and 'Cheyenne' differed significantly in embryo yield and green plant regeneration (except green plant regeneration for the B-genome tests) and were equal for albino and total plant regeneration. Embryogenesis was influenced by some chromosomes of the A, B, and D genomes; green plant production was influenced by all chromosomes of the A and D genomes except 5D; albino and total plant regeneration were affected by some chromosomes of the B and D genomes. Reciprocal effects were obtained with chromosomes 1A, 7A, 1B, 5B, 1D, and 2D for embryogenesis, chromosomes 2D and 7D for green plant regeneration, and chromosome 2D for total plant regeneration. Reciprocal substitution lines revealed reciprocal effects of homologous chromosomes, as well as interactions between substituted chromosomes and their specific genetic background.
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