Electron spin resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the mobility and the localization of the vanadyl ion in X and Y zeolites as a function of evacuation temperatures. In fully hydrated samples, the V02+ ion is largely localized on type III sites in the large cavities. Vacuum heating at room and high temperature leads to dehydration of V02+ complexes, which are again localized on type III sites with coordination via hydroxyl or oxygen ions of the supercavity surface. In every case, V02+ shows a square pyramidal coordination with |B2> as the ground state. Bond coefficients have been evaluated from the experimental ESR parameters. The in plane bond results to be completely ionic for all investigated species. Increasing ionic character and increasing covalent character for the in-plane bond and for the out-of-plane ir bond, respectively, have been found on vacuum heated samples.
Na–NiCl 2 thermal batteries have been developed for applications such as electric energy backup, energy storage, and automotive application. A typical Na–NiCl 2 battery consists of a molten sodium anode, a solid‐state electrolyte (β″‐alumina), and a secondary liquid electrolyte (NaAlCl 4 ) in the cathode side, with NiCl 2 as the active cathode materials. These systems, operating at high temperatures (about 270–350 °C), provide a battery completely independent of ambient temperature with high specific energy and high specific power. Special characteristics such as relatively low cost, long deep cycle life, long‐term cold‐storage life, abuse resistant, zero electrical self‐discharge, maintenance free, and safety place this technology as the best choice where environmentally strong conditions are present and other secondary battery systems fail.
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