The article focuses on the data from Russian and foreign literature on the morphofunctional characteristics of the appendage of the testis in humans and mammalian animals. In the appendage of the testis, the head, body and tail are isolated. The head is formed by the efferent ductules, then they pass into the duct of the appendage forming the body and tail of the appendage. The epithelial cell classification in the appendage is debatable, which is due to both different methodological approaches and species differences in the epithelial lining of the testis appendage in different species. Species differences in the morphofunctional organization of the epithelium of the appendage of the testis are insignificant, this manifests the principle of parallelism in the evolutionary dynamics of the appendage epithelium. The appendage of the testis is a hormone-dependent organ, androgens play a leading role in regulating the development and functioning of the appendage; in addition, estrogens and prolactin take a significant part in regulating the appendage activity. Morphological equivalents of the negative influence of various damaging factors are basically similar, which evidences the presence of a nonspecific mechanism of reaction to the action of adverse factors formed during evolution. Despite a significant number of studies related to the morphology of the testis appendage, many aspects of morphofunctional, molecular and biochemical transformations occurring in the testis appendage still remain poorly understood and require further in-depth study. There are also insufficient number of comparative studies, and studies investigating the appendage of the testis of animals of natural biocenosis.
Histophysiology of Endocrine Structures in Testes of Amphibians, Reptiles and Small Mammals Inhabiting Anthropogenically Transformed Ecosystems of the South UralsThe aim of this study is to analyze the morphofunctional features of Leydig cells of testicles of sexually mature specimens of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals inhabiting anthropogenically transformed ecosystems.Material and methods. Using comparative morphological and eco-morphological approaches to the assessment of morpho-functional state of the endocrine structures of the gonads studied classes of animals affected by destabilizing factors.Results. The principles and regularities of morphogenetic transformations in populations of Leydig cells, the range of variability of their morphological parameters have been shown.
The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the testes of small mammals that live in various territories of Orenburg. The analysis of the multi-functional status of the Leydig cells of the testes of small mammals affected by the conditions of the urbanized environment. The facts of the presence of destructive changes in the endocrine structures of the gonads of animals that inhabit urban areas. It is revealed that the degree of stability of the interstitial endocrinocytes of the testes is higher, therefore, the degree of destructive changes in them are less pronounced compared to the seminiferous epithelium. Keywords: urban environment, small mammals, testes, Leydig cells. ВведениеСущественная роль в реализации ре-продуктивной стратегии млекопитающих принадлежит эндокринным структурам се-менников -интерстициальным эндокриноци-там (клеткам Лейдига). Хотя различным сто-ронам структурно-функциональной характе-ристики клеток Лейдига посвящена обширная литература [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13 и др.], тем не менее, многие вопросы их морфологии и фи-зиологии остаются дискуссионными и нуж-даются в углублении, уточнении и дополне-нии.К числу таких вопросов относятся ис-следования по изучению влияния адаптивных и реактивных преобразований эндокринных структур семенников.Цель настоящего исследования -ана-лиз морфофункционального состояния клеток Лейдига семенников половозрелых особей мелких млекопитающих, подвергшихся воз-действию условий урбанизированной среды крупного города (на примере г. Оренбурга). Материал и методы исследованияОбъектом исследования служили се-менники мелких млекопитающих из популя-ций, обитающих на территории г. Оренбурга.Изучали семенники представителей 6 видов мелких млекопитающих: домовая мышь Mus musculus L. -38 особей; степная пеструшка Lagurus lagurus P. -30 особей; ма-лая лесная мышь Apodemus uralensis P. -28 особей; полевая мышь Apodemus agrarius P. -26 особей; обыкновенная полевка Microtus arvalis P. -23 особи; обыкновенная бурозубка Sorex araneus L. -10 особей. Отлов животных производили на территории частного жилого сектора, в дачных массивах, расположенных в городской черте, на территории хлебоприем-ного предприятия, полосах отчуждения же-лезных дорог, в лесополосах, в парках и скве-рах.В качестве контрольных использовались млекопитающие тех же видов, обитающих в сходных экосистемах на экологически благо-получных территориях Оренбургской области.
In mammals, the adnexal sex glands are represented by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, urethral and bulbourethral glands, as well as glands that coagulate sperm and ampullary glands. The secret of the accessory genital glands increases the volume of the ejaculate (the share of secretions of these glands accounts for about 95% of the volume of ejaculate) promotes sperm, causes increased contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the female genital tract.The purpose of this review is to analyze the morphofunctional organization of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands of mammalian animals and humans.The presence or absence of seminal vesicles is a species-specific feature. Among mammals, seminal vesicles are well developed in some rodents, insectivores, a number of domestic animals (cattle, pigs), and primates. These glands are absent in cloacae, marsupials, some carnivores, a number of insectivores, artiodactyls. Bulbourethral glands are well developed in rodents, bats, primates, and some ungulates.In the wall of the seminal vesicles, the mucous, muscular and outer membranes are isolated. The epithelium of the secretory parts is pseudomultitial, the interstitium is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue and a significant number of smooth muscle cells. In the wall of the bulbourethral glands, the mucosa and adventitial membrane are isolated. The secretory end sections of the bulbourethral glands are lined with a single-layer single-row epithelium, glandular cells produce a mucosal or mixed secret. The seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands are androgen-dependent glands. In species with a seasonal pattern of reproduction, their morphofunctional characteristics undergo significant changes during the circannual rhythm of reproduction.The epithelium of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands is very sensitive to the action of various adverse factors (heavy metal compounds, organic xenobiotics, electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, etc.). When exposed to various negative factors in the adnexal glands, a complex of changes occurs (edema of connective tissue and epithelium, decreased secretory activity of epithelial cells, desynchronization of the secretory cycle, desquamation of glandular epithelial cells, proliferation of interstitial connective tissue).There is a lack of information on many aspects of the characteristics of the adnexal glands of the male reproductive system, primarily on the morphology and physiology of the adnexal glands of animals in natural ecosystems, on the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of these glands, as well as on the mechanisms of regulation of morphofunctional rearrangements of the adnexal glands during seasonal reproduction rhythms, in the conditions of adaptation to various negative influences.
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