A laboratory study of dryout heat fluxes in particulate beds heated through the base is reported. More than two hundred experimental heat flux data points were measured. Semi-empirical correlations of the dryout heat flux data for both deep and shallow particulate beds are developed, based on flooding in countercurrent flow in deep beds and a boiling crises in shallow beds. The role of capillary forces in bed dryout is discussed and an explanation for the variation of dryout heat flux with bed height in volumetrically heated particulate beds is presented.
The internal pressure developed during deflagrations in low‐pressure structures depends on the dynamic performance of the explosion vents used for protection. Large scale tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of commercially available vents.
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