Aims: To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter-contaminated transport crates and to determine whether contaminated crates represent a risk for contamination of chickens during transport to slaughter. Methods and Results: Samples were collected from cleaned transport crates before they were dispatched to the farms. Chicken groups were sampled within 24 h before transport to slaughter and at the slaughterhouse. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 69 of 122 (57%) sampled batches of transport crates. Twenty-six slaughter groups, negative at farm level, were transported in batches of crates from which Campylobacter spp. had been isolated. In 11 (42%) of these 26 slaughter groups, Campylobacter spp. were found in samples taken at slaughter. The corresponding figure for at-farm-negative slaughter groups transported in negative crates was four (15%) testing positive at slaughterhouse of 27 slaughter groups [relative risk (RR) ¼ 2AE9, 95% CI 1AE1-7AE3]. In four of 11 slaughter groups, genetic subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was able to support the hypothesis of contamination from crates to chickens during transport to slaughter. Conclusions: Despite washing and disinfection, crates were frequently contaminated with Campylobacter and it could have contaminated chickens during transport to slaughter. Significance and Impact of the Study: Campylobacter-positive crates are a risk factor for chickens testing campylobacter-positive at slaughter.
The effect of vitamin E on the responsiveness of porcine lymphocytes to mitogens was studied. Initially, five groups of pigs were fed a diet low in vitamin E, corresponding to 16 mg of dl-atocopheryl acetate, for four weeks. This basal diet was then supplemented with various amounts of dla-tocopheryl acetate during a seven-week period, after which the graded levels of vitamin E intake were reflected in varying serum concentrations of vitamin E. The supplementation period was followed by a final seven-week period of vitamin E depletion on the basal diet.Lymphocyte stimulation tests were performed at the end of depletion period I, the supplementation period and depletion period 11.Lymphocytes obtained from pigs with a serum vitamin E level exceeding 3mgA showed an increased response to Pokeweed mitogen stimulation as compared with lymphocytes obtained from animals with lower concentrations of serum vitamin E.
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