Distributed generation (DG) has been utilized in some electric power networks. Power loss reduction, environmental friendliness, voltage improvement, postponement of system upgrading, and increasing reliability are some advantages of DG-unit application. This paper presents a new optimization approach that employs an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to determine the optimal DG-unit's size, power factor, and location in order to minimize the total system real power loss. The ABC algorithm is a new metaheuristic, population-based optimization technique inspired by the intelligent foraging behavior of the honeybee swarm. To reveal the validity of the ABC algorithm, sample radial distribution feeder systems are examined with different test cases. Furthermore, the results obtained by the proposed ABC algorithm are compared with those attained via other methods. The outcomes verify that the ABC algorithm is efficient, robust, and capable of handling mixed integer nonlinear optimization problems. The ABC algorithm has only two parameters to be tuned. Therefore, the updating of the two parameters towards the most effective values has a higher likelihood of success than in other competing metaheuristic methods.Index Terms-Artificial bee colony (ABC), distributed generation (DG), metaheuristic optimization algorithm, power losses reduction.
Traditionally electric power systems are operated in such a way that the total fuel cost is minimized regardless of emissions produced. With increased requirements for environmental protection, alternative strategies are required. This paper presents a summary of algorithms of environmental-economie dispatch in electric p e r systems since 1970. Thealgorithmsattempt toreduce theproduction of ahnosphericemissions such as NO and SO, caused by the operation of fossil-fueled thermal generation. Such reduction is achieved by including emissions either a constraint or as a weighted function in the objective of the overall dispatching problem.The contributions of the .electric energy industry. to environmental pollution rase questions concernmg environmental protection and methods of eliminating or reducing pollution from power plants either by design or by operational strategies. Electric power plants are traddonally operated on the basis of least fuel cost strategies economic pollutants produced. Is it necessary to consider pollution in the cost function ? and why ? Is there a pollution cost ? To answer these questions one needs to know not only the types of pollution produced from ower plants and their effects, bui also knowledge of the reEvant laws.Fossil-fired electric power plants use cod, 04 gas or combinations thereof as the prmary energy resource, and produce atmospheric emissions whose nature and quantity depend on the fuel type and its quality. Coal produces particulate matter such as ash, and gaseous pollutants such as carbon oxides, sulfur oxides and oxides of nitrogen. The thxmal energy dissipated in cooling water raises its ternperature and may be considered as a pollutant. Hydro-plants produce no such emissions. Nuclear power produces radiation emissions, which are well contained. The major part of electric power generation is due to fossil-fued plants and their emissions contribution cannot be neglected.Pollution affects not only humans, but also other life-forms such animals, buds, fish, and plants. It also causes dama e to materials, reducing visibility, as well as causing g l a f ob warming. These effects may be interpreted as costs because they damage our life in one way or another. The damage caused by a pollutant depends on its meteorological conditions and on our exposure to it. T suggests that each pollutant should be treated on its own merit in assigning cost values usually referred to as valuing enJironmental externalities. This represents t'ie harmfulness or damage created. dispatch or optimal power flow) without consi 6 ering the
SM 465-5 PWRS A paper recommended and approved by the' IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation atCom reheasive discussions of sources and effects of, and the neecfto reduce atmospheric pollution due to electric power generation are given in [l-31. Furthermore, reference [3] presents a detailed account of valuing environmental externalities, while [4] discusses four basic valuation methods. The authors of [5][6] ...
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