Topically used corticosteroids have been implicated as a causative factor in the elevation of intraocular pressure. The relationship between systemical corticosteroid medication and rise of intraocular pressure is not yet, however, clearly documented. While some authors observed a hypertensive effect as a consequence of treatment with systemically-administered corticosteroids (McLean Weekers, Grieten, Watillon and Prijot I964), others (Tillet 1952; Lee 1958) did not observe this relationship in their examinations of patients suffering from general diseases (severe asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and so on) treated with longterm systemic steroid therapy. Most authors are of the opinion that the increase of the ocular tension, after prolonged topical treatment with corticosteroids is due to a decrease in outflow facility. LinnCr (1959) observed an increase of aqueous flow in normal subjects on topical prednisone treatment over a period of one week with the "suction cup" and Nicholas (1964) showed, with tonography, a decrease from 0.28 to 0.22 pl/min. per millimeter of Hg in outflow facility as well as a statistically significant increase of aqueous flow from 0.76 to 2.05 pllmin. in ten normal subjects.In the following investigation, the effect of corticosteroids administered systemically for a short time on the ocular fluid dynamics in normal human eyes has been studied. M A T E R I A L A N D METHODSTwo groups of subjects were studied:A) Ten patients (male and female) without ocular or systemic diseases, aged ") Received February 2nd 1965.Auricchio, G . and Diotallevi, M.: Can the recovery rate of the intraocular volume be used for measurements of the aqueous inflow? Researches on normal human and rabbit eyes. Acta Ophthal. (in press). H . N., Mills, D. W . and Becker, B.: Steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure. Arch. Ophthal. Chicago 70: 15-18 (1963). Bernstein,
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is a safe treatment approach for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with comparable results to other local therapies. For lesions larger than 3 cm, no definitive standard treatment is present and several options are available. We retrospectively review local control (LC) and survival results of SABR in patients with HCC lesions >3 cm. Between 2012 and 2015, we treated 29 patients (39 lesions) having histological or radiological diagnosis of HCC and at least one lesion sized >3 cm. Patients were prescribed 36-48 Gy in 3-5 fractions (mainly 16 Gy × 3 fractions or 8 Gy × 5 fractions), in 3-5 consecutive days. A total of 15 lesions (52 %) had complete, while 10 (34 %) had partial remission; 3 (11 %) had a stable disease. Mean time for CR achievement was 5.8 months (range 1-17). One- and two-year actuarial LC was 100 %. Moreover, 1- and 2-year progression-free (PFS), cancer-specific and overall survival were 57.9 % [standard error (SE) 0.09; 95 % CI 36.9-74.2] and 41.2 % (SE 0.12; 95 % CI 17.7-63.5), 80.7 % (SE 0.08; 95 % CI 59.6-91.5) and 63.3 % (SE 0.11; 95 % CI 38.4-80.3), 71.7 % (SE 0.08; 95 % CI 51.2-84.7) and 56.2 % (SE 0.10; 95 % CI 33.8-73.6). On multivariate analysis, achieving a CR within the target lesion had a borderline significance with respect to PFS (HR 0.83; SE = 0.014; z -1.15; p = 0.095; 95 % CI 0.71-7.45). Time between HCC diagnosis and SABR delivery (< vs >12 months) was significantly correlated with OS (HR 16.5; SE 21.5; z = 2.14; p = 0.032; 95 % CI 1.27-213.3) as CLIP score (score: 0-1 vs 2) (HR 5.6; SE 4.6; z = 2.10; p = 0.036; 95 % CI 1.11-27.8). A total of 6 major toxic events (G3-G4) were recorded (20 %). In 2 patients (6 %), a radiation-induced liver disease was seen. In conclusion, SABR provided LC and survival rates comparable to other local therapies for patients with HCC lesion sized >3 cm, with acceptable toxicity profile.
Nicotine, 1 mg/kg body weight/day, was injected subcutaneously in 3 female rabbits during gestational and lactating periods, and the lungs of the offspring were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) on days 5, 10, and 25 postpartum. Three other female rabbits served as controls. The size and number of neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) as estimated by SEM were larger in the experimental group than in the control group, especially on days 5 and 25. Moreover, the NEB in the nicotine-exposed groups showed loss of normal boundaries and derangement of cells and granules by TEM. Neural components also became prominent. These findings suggest that chronic maternal exposure to nicotine may directly, or, through the neural route, indirectly induce hyperplasia and dysplasia of the NEB in the offspring of rabbits. Because NEB are suspected to regulate regional bronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells, such alterations may be similar to respiratory functional impairments found in infants of mothers who smoke.
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