TH can be achieved in approximately 25% of patients with CD treated with anti-TNF-α agents and significantly correlates with MH. Further studies are needed to define the potential role of TH as long-term prognostic factor.
Both BS and OCBS show good sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of PSR in CD, with a BWT >5 mm for BS and BWT >4 mm for OCBS strongly indicative of severe endoscopic PSR. Accordingly, these techniques could replace endoscopy for the diagnosis and grading of PSR in many cases.
Even though risk factors associated to the HH have been proposed as a possible explanation for the increasing calendar trend of IBD incidence, their role does not appear to be statistically significant. Familial aggregation, smoking habits and appendectomy still remain the main risk factors associated with IBD.
BS and MR enterography are 2 accurate procedures for the diagnosis of small bowel CD, although MR seems to be more sensitive in defining its extension. BS could be used to select the patients for subsequent MRI examination.
Thiopurines are effective in maintaining steroid-free CR in both UC and CD although they show a better profile of efficacy in terms of MH in cases of UC.
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