No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

A two-dimensional numerical study on the laminar flow past a circular cylinder rotating with a constant angular velocity was carried out. The objectives were to obtain a consistent set of data for the drag and lift coefficients for a wide range of rotation rates not available in the literature and a deeper insight into the flow field and vortex development behind the cylinder. First, a wide range of Reynolds numbers (0.01⩽Re⩽45) and rotation rates (0⩽α⩽6) were considered for the steady flow regime, where α is the circumferential velocity at the cylinder surface normalized by the free-stream velocity. Furthermore, unsteady flow calculations were carried out for one characteristic Reynolds number (Re=100) in the typical two-dimensional (2D) vortex shedding regime with α varying in the range 0⩽α⩽2. Additionally, the investigations were extended to very high rotation rates (α⩽12) for which no data exist in the literature. The numerical investigations were based on a finite-volume flow solver enhanced by multi-grid acceleration and the local grid refinement technique to achieve efficient computations and accurate numerical results. The predictions show that the rotation of the cylinder suppresses the vortex development in both the steady and the unsteady flow regimes and significantly changes the flow field close to the cylinder. For very low Reynolds numbers, the drag force is not affected by rotation and the lift force is a linear function of α. For higher Re in the steady flow regime, the drag force decreases with increasing rotational velocities even leading to negative values. The lift force is almost a linear function of the rotational velocity and nearly independent of Re for low rotational speeds of α<2. However, for higher α values and larger Reynolds numbers (Re>1), a progressive increase in the lift force is observed. A very interesting phenomenon was found in the unsteady flow regime at Re=100. For low rotation rates (α⩽2) the flow exhibits the behavior known from the literature, e.g., a linear increase of the mean lift coefficient with increasing α and the suppression of vortex shedding beyond a critical α value of about αL≈1.8. However, for α≈5, an unsteady periodic flow motion was found in the wake which is characterized by a frequency much lower than that known for normal vortex shedding. The change in the flow structure also leads to a distinct change in the mean lift coefficients which exhibits a linear relation of very high rotations rates and asymptotically converges to the values known from the potential flow theory.

This paper is concerned with the behavior of flows over a backward-facing step geometry for various expansion ratios H/h=1.9423, 2.5 and 3.0. A literature survey was carried out and it was found that the flow shows a strong two-dimensional behavior, on the plane of symmetry, for Reynolds numbers ReD=ρUbD/μ below approximately 400 (Ub=bulk velocity and D=hydraulic diameter). In this Reynolds number range, two-dimensional predictions were carried out to provide information on the general integral properties of backward-facing step flows, on mean velocity distributions and streamlines. Information on characteristic flow patterns is provided for a wide Reynolds number range, 10−4⩽ReD⩽800. In the limiting case of ReD→0, a sequence of Moffatt eddies of decreasing size and intensity is verified to exist in the concave corner also at ReD=1. The irreversible pressure losses are determined for various Reynolds numbers as a function of the expansion ratio. The two-dimensional simulations are known to underpredict the primary reattachment length for Reynolds numbers beyond which the actual flow is observed to be three-dimensional. The spatial evolution of jet-like flows in both the streamwise and the spanwise direction and transition to three-dimensionality were studied at a Reynolds number ReD=648. This three-dimensional analysis with the same geometry and flow conditions as reported by Armaly et al. (1983) reveals the formation of wall jets at the side wall within the separating shear layer. The wall jets formed by the spanwise component of the velocity move towards the symmetry plane of the channel. A self-similar wall-jet profile emerges at different spanwise locations starting with the vicinity of the side wall. These results complement information on backward-facing step flows that is available in the literature.

No abstract