In this naturally allocated, population-based cohort study, IMNI increased overall survival in patients with early-stage node-positive breast cancer.

During the past decade planning of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) of early breast cancer has changed from two-dimensional (2D) to 3D conformal techniques. In the planning computerised tomography (CT) scan both the targets for RT and the organs at risk (OARs) are visualised, enabling an increased focus on target dose coverage and homogeneity with only minimal dose to the OARs. To ensure uniform RT in the national prospective trials of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG), a national consensus for the delineation of clinical target volumes (CTVs) and OARs was required. Material and methods. A CT scan of a breast cancer patient after surgical breast conservation and axillary lymph node (LN) dissection was used for delineation. During multiple dummy-runs seven experienced radiation oncologists contoured all CTVs and OARs of interest in adjuvant breast RT. Two meetings were held in the DBCG Radiotherapy Committee to discuss the contouring and to approve a fi nal consensus. The Dice similarity coeffi cient (DSC) was used to evaluate the delineation agreement before and after the consensus. Results. The consensus delineations of CTVs and OARs are available online and a table is presented with a contouring description of the individual volumes. The consensus provides recommendations for target delineation in a standard patient both in case of breast conservation or mastectomy. Before the consensus, the average value of the DSC was modest for most volumes, but high for the breast CTV and the heart. After the consensus, the DSC increased for all volumes. Conclusion. The DBCG has provided the fi rst national guidelines and a contouring atlas of CTVs and OARs defi nition for RT of early breast cancer. The DSC is a useful tool in quantifying the effect of the introduction of guidelines indicating improved inter-delineator agreement. This consensus will be used by the DBCG in our prospective trials.

background. The DBCG-IMN is a nationwide population-based cohort study on the effect of internal mammary node radiotherapy (IMN-RT) in patients with node positive early breast cancer. Due to the risk of RT-induced heart disease, only patients with right-sided breast cancer received IMN-RT, whereas patients with left-sided breast cancer did not. At seven-year median follow-up, a 3% gain in overall survival with IMN-RT has been reported. This study estimates IMN doses and doses to organs at risk (OAR) in patients from the DBCG-IMN. Numbers needed to harm (NNH) if patients with left-sided breast cancer had received IMN-RT are compared to the number needed to treat (NNT). Material and methods. Ten percent of CT-guided treatment plans from the DBCG-IMN patients were selected randomly. IMNs and OAR were contoured in 68 planning CT scans. Dose distributions were re-calculated. IMNs and OAR dose estimates were compared in right-sided versus left-sided breast cancer patients. In six left-sided patients, IMN-RT was simulated, and OAR doses were compared to those in the original plan. The NNH resulting from the change in mean heart dose (MHD) was calculated using a published model for risk of RT-related ischemic heart death. results. In original plans, the absolute difference between right-and left-sided V 90% to the IMNs was 38.0% [95% confidence interval (5.5%; 70.5%), p  0.05]. Heart doses were higher in left-sided plans. With IMN-RT simulation without regard to OAR constraints, MHD increased 4.8 Gy (0.9 Gy; 8.7 Gy), p  0.05. Resulting NNHs from ischemic heart death were consistently larger than the NNT with IMN-RT. conclusion. Refraining from IMN-RT on the left side may have spared some ischemic heart deaths. Assuming leftsided patients benefit as much from IMN-RT as right-sided patients, the benefits from IMN-RT outweigh the costs in terms of ischemic heart death.

PURPOSE The Danish Breast Cancer Group Internal Mammary Node study demonstrated improved 8-year overall survival (OS) with internal mammary node irradiation (IMNI) in patients with node-positive early breast cancer. Here, we present long-term results from the Danish Breast Cancer Group Internal Mammary Node study cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS This nationwide, prospective cohort study allocated patients with node-positive early breast cancer to adjuvant radiotherapy with or without IMNI depending on cancer laterality. Patients with right-sided cancer received IMNI. Patients with left-sided cancer were treated without IMNI because of risk of radiation-induced heart disease. Other treatment was independent of laterality. The primary study end point was OS. Secondary end points were distant recurrence and breast cancer mortality. Analyses were by intention to treat. RESULTS During 2003-2007, 3,089 women were allocated to IMNI (right-sided, n = 1,491) or no IMNI (left-sided, n = 1,598). With a median follow-up of 14.8 years, 589 patients with and 701 patients without IMNI had died. The corresponding 15-year OS rates were 60.1% and 55.4%. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.96; P = .007) in favor of IMNI. The 15-year risk of developing distant recurrence was 35.6% (523 recurrences) and 38.6% (602 recurrences) with vs. without IMNI (adjusted HR 0.88 [95% CI, 0.79 to 0.99; P = .04]). The 15-year breast cancer mortality with IMNI was 31.7% (467 deaths) compared with 33.9% (537 deaths) without IMNI (adjusted HR 0.88 [95% CI, 0.78 to 1.00; P = .05]). The distribution of other deaths was similar across groups. CONCLUSION In patients with node-positive early breast cancer treated with IMNI or without IMNI depending on breast cancer laterality, IMNI reduced the risk of distant recurrence and death from breast cancer, thereby improving long-term survival.

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In vivo intravascular US was feasible in carotid arteries with mild atherosclerosis and often revealed intimal thickenings and concentric plaques in angiographically normal segments.

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