Researches on winter wheat in the south part of Romanian Plain during the dry years 2019 and 2020 have been focused on the crop water consumption issue in excessive conditions of air and soil drought. The wheat crop water consumption in the research sites (Calarasi and Teleorman counties), for the entire vegetation period, autumn – spring – summer, is between 1000 and 1050 m3 of water for each ton of wheat produced. Only in the spring-summer period, the wheat extracts a quantity of about 5960 m3 ha-1, i.e. 851 m3 t-1. The useful water reserve is normally located at about 1500 m3/ha-1, at a soil depth of 0-150 cm. In the spring of 2020, it has been below 400 m3 ha-1, so that at the beginning of May the soil moisture had almost reached the wilting coefficient (WC). Wheat plants have been able to survive the thermal and water shock of late spring - early summer, due to enhanced thermal alternation between air and soil. For a period of about 34 days, this alternation brought the plants 1-1.5 mm water, i.e. approximately 442 m3 ha-1, which allowed the prolongation of the plant’s agony until the rains of the second half of May. Yields have been, depending on the variety, between 1500 and 3000 kg ha-1, in average, covering only 60% of the crop costs. Other measures to save water in the soil have also been proposed in the paper.
More than 5 millions hectares of arable land from the total of 9 millions arable land have suffered, in the last 40 years, strong phenomena of ecological degradation due to the excess of works with the plow and to incorrect use of inputs (fertilizers with nitrogen and pesticides). The quantity of humus was reduced by up to 60%, while the biomass from inside the soil decreased 10 times. In this paper is described an ecological reconstruction model of a chernozem soil from the Burnaz Plain, Alexandria area, starting from the tillage system modification on an optimized crop rotation with ameliorative plants (peas, soy, wheat, rape, corn, sunflower) and by introducing into the soil a quantity of up to 4 tonnes/ha residual organic matter associated with activating biocomposts. The results obtained have led to the very significant change of soil’s physical, biological and biochemical properties. The soil compactity was reduced of almost 7 times on the hardpan area, the amount of water held in soil has been improved by over 4 times, the biological activity of soil has increased more than 5 times and the level of premium wheat production has increased more than 3,5 times, as well as its quality (minimum 15% protein).
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