Proper nutrition may reverse the malnutrition and can modulate renal function in hemodialysis patients. In majority of the dialysis units in India, nutritional advice is given by health professionals working in dialysis. We compared the impact of dietary counseling by a renal dietitian, on nutritional status with that by health professionals working in dialysis units in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Nutritional assessments were made using subjective global assessment (SGA) scale, which combines assessment of intake, physical findings, and functional status. Two hundred and seventy-seven patients undergoing hemodialysis from two renal care units in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, South India, were enrolled (138 patients in control group, 139 in experimental group). In the experimental group, patients were given repeated dietary counseling by a renal dietician, whereas control group patients were provided with the necessary nutritional information by another health professional. Detailed nutritional, biochemical, and SGA assessment were done on all of them at the beginning and completion of study after 6 months. Patients were categorized as well-nourished (WN) (SGA = 1–14), mild to moderate malnourishment (MMM) (SGA = 15–35), and severe malnutrition (SM) (SGA = 36–49). In the present study, the overall malnutrition rate at baseline was 95.3%, and it dropped down to 91.7% after 6 months after nutritional counseling. In the experimental group, malnutrition status decreased from 97.2% to 89.8%, whereas in the control group, malnutrition situation remained same. Compared to baseline, in the control group, there was no improvement in the WN group. However, a shift has been observed from MMM group to SM group suggesting more number of patients are becoming malnourished. Contrarily, in the experimental group, an improvement of +7.2% in WN group and +14.3% in MMM group and a drop of −21.6% in severe malnourished group suggesting more number of patients gaining nutrition. The present study observed a significant improvement in nutritional status of patients who received counseling by the renal dietician. The reduction in SGA score was independent of reductions in serum creatinine and blood urea levels.

There are three less frequent manifestations of acute massive venous thrombosis and obstruction of the venous drainage of an extremity. They are phlegmasia alba dolens, phlegmasia cerulean dolens (PCD), and venous gangrene. The term PCD differentiates ischemia-associated massive venous thrombosis from phlegmasia alba dolens, which describes fulminant venous thrombosis without ischemia. We present a 55-year-old hypertensive, who presented with paedal oedema and breathlessness at rest. About a month prior to this admission, she suffered dislocation of left patella. She was treated with a plaster cast and immobilization for 3 weeks. Her serum creatinine was 8.8 mg/dL. She was initiated on haemodialysis via two single-lumen catheters placed in left femoral vein. The femoral vein catheters were removed after third session of haemodialysis. On fourth day, the patient complained pain and blue discolouration of left toes. On examination, the left lower limb was swollen, discoloured, and cold with blebs up to upper one-third of left leg. The left dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries were not palpable. A Doppler of veins of lower limb revealed, thrombosis of deep, and superficial venous system of left lower limb. As there was no response to anticoagulation below, knee amputation was performed.

The literature, particularly from India, is scarce on the renal effects of glyphosate poisoning. Glyphosate causes toxicity not only after its ingestion but also after dermal exposure by inhalation route and on eye exposure. We present a patient report of glyphosate consumption which resulted in toxic epidermal necrolysis – the first report after glyphosate consumption and acute kidney injury.

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The early discovery of malignancy can altogether reduce disease mortality and spares lives. In this way, a lot of exertion has been dedicated to the investigation of new advancements to distinguish early indications of the ailment. Biomarkers have various potential applications in oncology, including peril examination, screening, differential end, an af irmation of igure, desire for response to treatment, and checking of development of illness. Malignant growth biomarkers spread an expansive scope of biochemical substances, for example, nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, little metabolites, and cytogenetic and cytokinetic parameters, just as whole tumor cells found in the body liquid. They can be utilized for hazard appraisal, inding, anticipation, and for the expectation of treatment adequacy and danger and repeat. A thorough comprehension of the pertinence of cach biomarker will be imperative for diagnosing the malady dependably yet in addition help in the decision of various restorative choices at present accessible that is probably going to pro it the patients. In this review, we provide a information about late advances in disease biomarker discovery, different signalling pathways for speci ic tumors like breast malignancy, cervical malignancy, colorectal malignancy and inding, forecast and restorative purposes, which incorporate markers as of now in clinical practice just as different upcoming biomarkers.