Weight gain after kidney transplant is common, and may be related to graft dysfunction and high cardiovascular risk. We investigated the prevalence of obesity and evaluated the relationship between obesity and graft dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). All patients who received kidney transplant at the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) between January 2005 and December 2009 were recruited. Information on demographics, clinical characteristics and post-transplant care were documented. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and carotid Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of cardiac status and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), respectively. Inferential and modelling statistics were applied. One hundred KTRs were recruited, of which 63 were males. The mean age was 42.2 ± 12.42 years with a range of 19-70 years. The mean body mass index and waist circumference of the recipients were 26.4 ± 4.81 kg/m2 and 90.73 ± 14.76 cm, respectively. Twenty-nine patients (29%) were obese; of these, 24 (82.8%) had moderate obesity, 4 (13.8%) had severe obesity, and 1 (3.4%) had morbid obesity. Graft dysfunction was present in 52%. Obese patients were older (P < 0.0001), had graft dysfunction (P = 0.03), higher mean arterial blood pressure (P = 0.022), total cholesterol (P = 0.019), triglycerides (P < 0.0001), left ventricular mass index (P = 0.035) and cIMT (P = 0.036). Logistic regression showed obesity to be independently associated with graft dysfunction (P = 0.033). Obesity after kidney transplantation is common and is associated with graft dysfunction and markers of atherosclerosis.
Egg culture has long been considered the diagnostic gold standard for Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV- 2) and would serve as complementary to Immunoglobulin M determination to establish acute infection in a given population. The study determined the prevalence of HSV-2 IgM and the cytopathology of the virus isolated from women of reproductive age in Zaria. The study recruited 450 consenting women attending selected hospitals from which blood and cervical swab samples were obtained. Sera were analysed for HSV-2 IgM while suspension from swabs were inoculated into 12 days old embryonated chicken eggs. A total of 330 (73.3%) women screened tested positive for HSV-2 IgM and 79 (23.94) out of 330 IgM positive samples produced cytopathic effect. The highest prevalence of 88.7% (133/150) was recorded among women recruited from St. Lukes Anglican hospital, while those attending Gambo Sawaba General Hospital-Kofan Gaya, had the lowest prevalence of 50%. Furthermore, women in age group of 16-20 years, were most infected with a prevalence of 83.5% while those aged 45years and above had the lowest prevalence of 50%. Women who had more than one sexual partner, those that did not use protection during sex and women that were pregnant had higher prevalence of 88.5%, 74.9% and 77.6% respectively and were more at risk, as compared with those with single partner (69.2%), who used protection (61.5%) and that were not pregnant (71.3%). About 22.4% (101) of the women reported to have heard about HSV-2 while 349 (77.6%) were not aware of the virus prior to this study. The symptoms found to be significantly associated with the virus were blisters/ulcers on genital area (p=0.000; OR=3.000) and dysuria (p=0.006; OR=0.504). Fever (OR=1.659), vaginal discharge (OR=1.867) and itching/burning sensation on genital area (OR=1.431) were other symptoms associated with the virus. The study demonstrated a high prevalence of HSV-2 among the women, indicating that, genital herpes is highly endemic in the study area. In addition, a substantial number of the women lacked knowledge of genital herpes and were actively harbouring the virus.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the developing countries and the seventh commonest cancer in the developed countries. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is now known to be the main factor in the aetiology of cervical cancer with over 99.7% of cases being associated with previous high risk HPV infection. The aim of the research is to determine the risk factors and incidence of oncogenic human papilloma virus among women of reproductive age in Daura. This was a cross-sectional prospective study involving a total of 120 women. Questionnaires were administered to collect data such as socio-demographic and possible risk factors. Endocervical swab and serum samples were then collected from the participants. Samples were analyzed by Enzyme Linked immunosorbent Assay and Pap smear respectively. The findings of this research revealed and overall high seroincidence of 36.6% as well as significant difference between seroincidence rate of pregnant and non-pregnant women. The findings also revealed that 10-20 age groups had the higher seroincidence rate of (50.0%) with no statistical significant difference between age groups. None of the sociodermographic factors involved in the research show significant association with HPV infections. The result by type of marriage shows that similar seroincidence rate was obtained in both monogamy and polygamy forms of marriage (36.7%). The study also reveals that risk factors like sexual partners, HIV status and sexual debut are significantly associated with HPV infection (P<0.05). Sixty (60) participants show normal cytole under microscope with prevalence of 50.0% and those with abnormal cytole had prevalence of (16.7%) while lowest prevalence of (3.3%) was obtained from participants with high squamous intraepithelial lesions. These results demonstrate a high seroincidence of HPV infection among women in the study area. We recommend improved education regarding HPV and cervical cancer among the populace and increasing cervical cancer screening particularly to attendees of antenatal care to prevent HPV related morbidity and mortality. Keywords: HPV; Cervical cancer; Endocervical swab; Seroincidence
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