The bioavailability of iron added to different types of cows' milk formulas was studied using mono-isotopic and double-isotopic methods in 396 infants aged 5-18 mo. All the milk formulas were fortified with ferrous sulfate in concentrations varying between 10 and 19 mg elemental iron/liter. Iron absorption from low-fat milks and full-fat milks varied from 2.9 to 5.1%. A higher range of mean absorption, 5.9 to 11.3%, was observed in the same formulas with the addition of ascorbic acid at concentrations of 100 mg/l or higher (up to 800 mg/l), demonstrating its enhancing effect on iron absorption in fortified milks. The amount of milk fat, the addition of carbohydrates, or acidification did not seem to influence iron absorption.
The availability and daily absorption of iron was determined by the extrinsic label method in typical lower middle to lower class diets consumed in regions of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Differences in iron absorption from meals up to 7-fold, could be attributed to the varying contents of absorption enhancers, eg, in meat, and of inhibitors in tea, vegetables, and wheat or maize bread. The total iron available in the diets from four countries did not meet the physiological requirements for normal subjects but deficient subjects fulfilled their requirements absorbing from 1.0 to 2.1 mg/day. In five diets heme iron (6 to 24% of the total) provided 34 to 73% of the iron absorbed. These data suggest that such absorption and utilization studies may be used to correlate the prevalence of iron deficiency in a population with certain diets and to guide fortification programs.
Biscuits were fortified with 4, 6, 8, and 10% heme iron concentrate (HIC). The 10% fortification level presented problems of poor dough quality. The 4, 6, and 8% levels were evaluated for appearance, flavor, texture, taste and aroma and 6% was chosen as the appropriate fortification level. Protein of the fortified biscuit was 1.6 times higher and iron 8 times higher than that of the unfortified control. A shelf life study showed that at 4O"C, lipid peroxidation of the biscuits was considerably higher than at room temperature and a catalytic effect of the HIC on the lipid autooxidation was observed. Under controlled conditions, the biscuits could be satisfactorily stored up to 7 months. The fortification of biscuits with HIC represents an interesting alternative for the prevention of iron deficiency.
We describe a quantitative method for determination of iron in stool to monitor consumption of iron-fortified milk in infants. The method is simple, fast, and inexpensive. Stool samples from infants consuming fortified milk or nonfortified milk were ashed, and ashes were diluted in hydrochloric acid and reacted with bathophenantroline disulphonate. Mean iron excretion per subject was obtained. Anemia was present in 25.7% of infants in the nonfortified group (upper level of 95% confidence limit for mean iron excretion was 14.9 mg iron/100 g stool) and in 22.2% of infants from the noncompliant fortified group (mean excretion less than 15 mg iron/100 g stool). In contrast, only 0.8% of infants who had properly consumed the fortified milk had anemia. We conclude that this method for determination of stool iron should be considered for estimating compliance in evaluation of results of field trials of iron-fortified products in infants.
titers. The 3 patients with high titers and a decrease in growth solution was observed; however, the hemin showed a lower abvelocity all had an isolated hereditary growth hormone deficiency. sorption value (P < 0.01) in aqueous solution. It can be concludedIn conclusion, most patients with negative, low, or medium that fortification of whole milk with hemoglobin preparations is anti-HGH antibody titers grow adequately. The presence of high feasible. The addition of hemoglobin preparations to milk appears level titers inhibited the growth response to HGH administration. to be an excellent combination because of the organoleptic characteristics and high bioavailability of iron. In the past, milk has been fortified with inorganic iron compounds. The bioavailability of these compounds for absorption is altered according to the properties of the vehicle. The purpose of this work was to study the possibility of fortifying whole milk with organic iron obtained from fresh bovine red blood cells. The organic iron preparations used in this study were: 1) hemoglobin with stroma, 2) hemoglobin without stroma, 3) hemin. These compounds are soluble in milk and water (with the exception of hemin), do not alter the flavor of the milk, and give the milk a chocolate color. The absorption of these preparations was studied using both whole milk and aqueous solutions as vehicles by a double isotope technique. Seventy healthy infants from 6-18 months old were distributed into five groups: 1) hemoglobin with stroma in whole milk, 2) hemoglobin without stroma in whole milk, 3) hemin in whole milk, 4) hemoglobin with stroma in water, 5) hemin in water.
High Affinity Estrogen Receptors in Uterus ofOn day 1 each group was given 150 ml milk or water to which were added 2 mg Fe in the form of the heme-iron being studied (hemoglobin with stroma, hemoglobin without stroma, or hemin) and the same product prepared from calf red blood cells that were biologically marked with 55Fe (0.5 pCi/kg). On day 2, the infants received 50 ml of a ferrous-ascorbate solution that contained 2 mg iron (FeS04) marked with 59Fe (0.1 @/kg). Absorption was calculated 14 days later according to circulating radioactivity. The heme-iron preparations in milk showed a geometric mean absorption of 20%. The ratios among the formulas of day 1 in milk and day 2 did not show statistically significant differences. No difference between the absorption of hemoglobin in milk or in aqueous The object of this paper is to compare the La Brosse test with the quantitative urinary VMA measurement (Pisano's technique). Substances whose breakdown products appear in the urine and give false positive results were eliminated from the diet. Seven hundred 24-hr urine samples belonging to 580 patients were studied. Fifty-six patients had sympathoblastomas, 15 pheochromocytomas; the remaining several pathologies were not related to a catecholamine increase. Four hundred twelve negative, 132 intermediate, and 156 positive reactions were obtained. The negative tests had normal VMA in all cases ...
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