Lentil is very important legume crop and affected by salinity stress. This study was planned to sort out the lentil germplasm for salinity tolerance. Four different salinity treatments were used (S0mM, S50mM, S100mM, S150mM) in hydroponic culture and root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root weight (RW), shoot weight (SW), total proteins contents (PC), α-amylase (A.A), total soluble sugars (TSS) sodium ions (Na /K + under S150mM were most discriminating parameters for evaluation of lentil genotypes under respective salinity treatment. PCA biplot showed that Masoor 2002, NL20-3-3, NL9775, NARC11-2 and ILL5888 under S0mM; Masoor 2002, NL9775, ILL5888 and ILL6024 under S50mM; Masoor 2002, NL0196, NL20-3-3, NL9775 under S100mM; Masoor 2002, Masoor 2009, NL9775, NL0196, NL0188 and NL20-3-3 under S150mM were tolerant. Masoor 2002, NL 20-3-3, LN 0188, M93 and NL9775 were declared to be salt tolerant by RS, ISI and IS. Results of RS, ISI, IS and PCA Biplot were comparable and equally valid as these declared unanimously Masoor 2002, NL 20-3-3, LN 0188, M93 and NL9775 as salt tolerant at early growth stages. Genotypes NARC 11-4 and Marka 209 were relatively susceptible against salinity. These tolerant and susceptible lentil genotypes could be used as further evaluation against salinity on physiological and biochemical basis.
Helicoverpa armigera is considered as widespread and cosmopolitan insect responsible for drastic decline in chickpea productivity across the world. Management of H. armigera is of prime importance to achieve sustainable chickpea yields. Its life cycle passes through egg, larvae, pupae and adult stages in about 4-5 weeks. 1 st to 3 rd instar larvae generally feed on leaves, twigs and flowers. In later stages larger larvae (4 th to 6 th instar caterpillars) shift to developing pods by making holes/bores and consume entire developing seeds. Pod borers can cause yield losses up to 90 percent depending upon the insect density and susceptibility of cultivars. Sustainable management of chickpea pod borer involves use of resistant cultivars, manipulation of sowing dates, maintaining low crop density, management of nutrition, use of trap crops (maize, sunflower, sorghum, safflower, pigeon pea, okra and tomato), installing animated bird perches and application of biological control measures (use of plant extracts, virus/bacteria based insecticides). In case of pod borer outbreaks, chemical insecticides remain as last option for farmers. However, management of chickpea pod borer through use of resistant cultivars, adopting recommended cultural practices and biological control measures have been found more effective, economical, sustainable and eco-friendly.
The public–private partnership (PPP) based model for the execution of infrastructure projects originated from Anglo-Saxon countries and was initially used in 1977 by the United Kingdom (U.K). Since then, its popularity has increased worldwide. Earlier studies by researchers and many other professional sectors and departments have introduced PPP contracts into different execution modes like Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT); Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer (BOOT); and Build, Lease, and Transfer (BLT), etc. All definitions of PPP contracts are different but have a few common characteristics and risks. Previously, numerous pieces of literature were available on these common risks for various execution modes of PPP contracts. However, each PPP mode still has unique risks that must be identified to understand and successfully implement the PPP projects properly. This paper fills the gap mentioned above and aims to identify various commonly used PPP execution modes in infrastructure projects and their corresponding risks after placing the different PPP execution modes into four (04) different categories. Identified risks for the corresponding PPP categories were also divided into seven (07) stages of the PPP life cycle. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information from thirty-four (34) PPP experts worldwide. Accordingly, interviews are transcribed and processed for thematic analysis in academic NVIVO software. These identified risks are further placed in the respective PPP category for the convenience and better understanding of the study’s outcome to the users and for the subsequent prioritization and allocation of these identified risks accordingly to the PPP parties during the finalization of the PPP execution mode.
Mungbean is an important legume rich in protein and carbohydrates. It is cultivated mostly in south to south east Asia and east Africa. One of the important yield contributing traits in mungbean is 100 seed weight. Variation for this trait is available in the mungbean germplasm, and to facilitate improvement of this trait through breeding, genome-wide association mapping for 100 seed weight was carried out in the World Vegetable Center mungbean minicore collection. A total of 24,870 single nucleotide polymorphic markers were tested for association with 100 see weight in plants grown in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Taiwan and candidate loci associated with seed weight on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8 and 9 were identified. None of the QTLs was stable across all environments, but loci on chromosomes 4 and 8 were significant in Pakistan and Bangladesh and other loci on chromosome 8 were significantly associated in plants grown in Myanmar and Taiwan.
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