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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the oxidative profiles of three thyroid disorders: Graves' disease (GD), Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Malondialdehyde levels (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were examined in the plasma of 52 patients (29 untreated HT, 16 untreated GD, and 7 PTC who underwent surgical therapy). Results were compared with those of 30 healthy controls and among the three groups of patients. The GD, HT, and PTC patients exhibited increased plasma MDA levels and SOD activities compared with the controls (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively). CAT activities significantly increased only for the PTC and HT patients (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), whereas GPx activities significantly decreased only in the GD and PTC (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The comparison among the three groups of patients has shown increased MDA level and SOD activity for the PTC patients as compared to the GD patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Compared with HT, PTC patients exhibited significant higher MDA level, SOD, and CAT activities and a significant lower GPx activity (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). No significant discrepancies were noted between the GD and HT patients. Our results have clearly shown an oxidative profile that is highly disturbed for the PTC patients as compared to those of autoimmune disorders. Future studies are needed to determine whether or not the oxidative stress has a prognostic value in this pathology.

Our survey demonstrated the beneficial effect of combining dietary measures and physical training in obese patients. In addition to weight loss, the programme enabled a reduction in the patients' body fat mass and abdominal obesity, a correction of metabolic disorders and an improvement in aerobic capacity. The improvement in all these parameters also enhanced the patients' psychological status and quality of life. The addition of strength training produced notable improvements in weight loss, arm muscle strength and abdominal obesity.

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FOXE1 polyalanine tract (poly-Ala) has been associated with thyroid dysgenesis. Recently, the SNP (rs1867277:-238G>A) within the FOXE1 5'UTR was involved in the genetic susceptibility to thyroid cancer (TC). In the aim to assess the influence of FOXE1 poly-Ala length on the genetic susceptibility to TC and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), a case-control design (including 261 Tunisian AITD, 170 Spanish TC and respectively 171 and 218 matched healthy subjects) was performed. The effect of Ala length and rs1867277 alleles on FOXE1 expression was investigated by mRNA relative real time quantification on 8 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and 10 Graves' disease (GD) genotyped thyroid biopsies. The fluorescent genotyping of poly-Ala polymorphism revealed nine alleles (from 12 to 22 repetitions). The association of poly-Ala polymorphism with AITD was rejected (Pc>0.05). However, a significant association was found with TC. In addition, the genotypic distributions revealed the predispositional effect of the 16/16 genotype (OR = 2.71; 95%CI: 1.36-5.42; p=0.001) and the protector effect of the 14/14 genotype (OR= 0.46; 95%CI: 0.29-0.72; p=0.003). The quantification studies reveal that FOXE1 transcripts were less abundant in PTC than GD samples. Moreover, FOXEI gene was 4,8 fold less expressed among PTC protected patients compared to homozygous 16/16-A/A. In conclusion, by exploring the poly-Ala polymorphism, we confirmed the involvement of {\it FOXE1} gene in the genetic susceptibility to TC and we reported its down expression among PTC tissues.

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The GLUT1 gene confers susceptibility to DN in type 2 diabetes patients in the Tunisian population.