Page 2626. The second sentence of the last paragraph in the section, Model of Quinoline Binding to the Crystal Faces of -Hematin, "During this process a quinoline molecule may also bind to a -hematin molecular dimer before the latter is adsorbed on a crystal surface, as proposed by Sullivan and Chong, 29 but which has a kinetic disadvantage...", is to be replaced by the following:During this process a quinoline molecule may also bind to a free heme (monomer or dimer), as proposed by O'Neill et al. (O'Neill, P. M.; Willock, D. J.; Hawley, S. R.; Bray, P. B.; Storr, R. C.; Ward, S. A.; Park, B. K. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 437-448) and Sullivan and Chong, 29 before a drug-heme complex may be adsorbed onto the crystal surface. However, in the event of such a quinoline-dimer complexation, it would incur a kinetic disadvantage...

The nucleation of malaria pigment (hemozoin) and β-hematin crystals (synthetic hemozoin) can be promoted by lipid molecules. To determine the orientation of β-hematin crystals nucleated by 1-myristoyl-glycerol (MMG) on the water surface, we undertook a grazing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity study. Our results indicate that premixed R-hematin with MMG yielded β-hematin nanocrystals oriented with the {100} face parallel to water surface, which we explain insofar that the spreading solution allows MMG molecular aggregation into clusters exposing OH groups and oxygen lone-pair electrons that interact with hematin molecules. Hematin molecules, which did not interact with MMG clusters, do not yield β-hematin, but rather an unknown crystalline phase. Independently, evidence is presented that self-assembled functionalized alkanethiol monolayers (SAMs) exposing OH groups induce β-hematin nucleation primarily via its {100} face, whereas those exposing CH 3 induce nucleation of either the {100} or {010} face, preferentially {010}. The results can be explained in terms of a difference in affinity of the SAMs to these two crystal faces. The two sets of β-hematin nucleation experiments, conducted under different conditions, strengthen the notion that MMG molecules, mimicking a digestive vacuole lipid surface, induce, via stereospecific interactions, oriented nucleation of β-hematin at the {100} face.

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Two single nucleotide polymorphisms in Cu-transporter ATP7B alter protein properties and copper status in humans.

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In legumes, perception of rhizobial lipochitooligosacharide-based molecules (Nod factors) and subsequent signal transduction triggers transcription of plant symbiosis-specific genes (early nodulins). We present genetic dissection of Nod factor-controlled processes in Pisum sativum using two early nodulin genes PsENOD12a and PsENOD5, that are differentially up-regulated during symbiosis. A novel set of non-nodulating pea mutants in fourteen loci was examined, among which seven loci are not described in Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. Mutants defective in Pssym10, Pssym8, Pssym19, Pssym9 and Pssym7 exhibited no PsENOD12a and PsENOD5 activation in response to Nod factor-producing rhizobia. Thus, a conserved signalling module from the LysM receptor kinase encoded by Pssym10 down to the GRAS transcription factor encoded by Pssym7 is essential for Nod factor-induced gene expression. Of the two investigated genes, PsENOD5 was more strictly regulated; not only requiring the SYM10-SYM7 module, but also SYM35 (NIN transcription factor), SYM14, SYM16 and SYM34. Since Pssym35, Pssym14, Pssym34 and Pssym16 mutants show arrested infection and nodule formation at various stages, PsENOD5 expression seems to be essential for later symbiotic events, when rhizobia enter into plant tissues. Activation of PsENOD12a only requires components involved in early steps of signalling and can be considered as a marker of early symbiotic events preceding infection.

Meristems are morphogenic plant tissues comprising the pool of stem cells initiating specialized tissues. The balance of stem cell proliferation and differentiation depends on antagonistic action of genes WOX encoding homeodomain containing transcription factors and CLAVATA like systems controlling their expression. The CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION) peptides and their recep tor protein kinases comprise the basis of the CLAVATA like systems. Definite member of the family of CLE peptides (CLV3 in the shoot, CLE40 in the root, and CLE41/CLE44 in the procambium) are central regula tors of primary meristem development. The role of CLE peptides in the development of secondary meristems, such as nodule meristems of legumes, is studied. CLE peptides are found also outside the plant kingdom, e.g., parasitic nematodes. The review considers CLE peptides as universal regulators of meristem development.