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Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de infección y de sobreprotección para virus hepatitis B (HVB) en niños indígenas residentes en tres cuencas de la Amazonía peruana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en tres cuencas hidrográficas (ríos Pastaza, Morona y Bajo Urubamba), donde habitan seis pueblos indígenas: shapra, candoshi, machiguengas, yine, ashaninka y nanti. Se incluyeron niños menores de 5 años. Se aplicó una encuesta y revisión del carné de vacunación, y se obtuvo una muestra de suero que se procesó con la técnica de ELISA para detectar HBsAg, anti-HBc total y anti-HBs, definiendo "niños seroprotegidos" si fueron reactivos al anti-HBs y no reactivos al anti-HBc. Resultados. Se incluyó un total de 742 niños menores de 5 años residentes en seis comunidades indígenas, donde 380 (51,2%) eran varones y 169 (22,9%) de un año a menos. Sobre la vacunación contra HVB registrado por carné, solo 434 (58,5%) había recibido tres dosis; 208 (38,8%) recibieron la primera dosis en las primeras 24 h. No se detectaron casos con HBsAg. El 88,8% de los niños había seroconvertido, con variaciones según la población indígena entre 67 a 100% de seroconversión. Conclusiones. No se detectaron casos de infección crónica para HVB en la población evaluada. La cobertura de la vacunación mediante revisión del carné es baja en contraste el promedio de seroconversión que es alto.

Past influenza pandemics including the Spanish flu and H1N1 have disproportionately affected Indigenous peoples. We conducted a systematic scoping review to provide an overview of the state of understanding of the experience of Indigenous peoples during the first 18 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, in doing so we capture the state of knowledge available to governments and decision makers for addressing the needs of Indigenous peoples in these early months of the pandemic. We addressed three questions: (i) How is COVID-19 impacting the health and livelihoods of Indigenous peoples, (ii) What systems level challenges are Indigenous peoples experiencing, (iii) How are Indigenous peoples responding? We searched Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases and UN organization websites for publications about Indigenous peoples and COVID-19. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. A total of 153 publications were included: 140 peer-reviewed articles and 13 from UN organizations. Editorial/commentaries were the most (43%) frequent type of publication. Analysis identified Indigenous peoples from 19 different countries, although 56% of publications were centred upon those in Brazil, United States, and Canada. The majority (90%) of articles focused upon the general adult population, few (< 2%) used a gender lens. A small number of articles documented COVID-19 testing (0.04%), incidence (18%), or mortality (16%). Five themes of system level challenges affecting exposure and livelihoods evolved: ecological, poverty, communication, education and health care services. Responses were formal and informal strategies from governments, Indigenous organizations and communities. A lack of ethnically disaggregated health data and a gender lens are constraining our knowledge, which is clustered around a limited number of Indigenous peoples in mostly high-income countries. Many Indigenous peoples have autonomously implemented their own coping strategies while government responses have been largely reactive and inadequate. To “build back better” we must address these knowledge gaps.

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Biodiversity and ecosystem conservation in the Amazon play a critical role in climate-change mitigation. However, institutional responses have had conflicted and complex relations with Indigenous peoples. There is a growing need for meaningful engagement with—and recognition of—the centrality of Indigenous peoples’ perceptions and understanding of the changes they are experiencing to inform successful and effective place-based adaptation strategies. To fill this gap, this study focuses on the value-based perspectives and pragmatic decision-making of Shawi Indigenous men in the Peruvian Amazon. We are specifically interested in their perceptions of how their food system is changing, why it is changing, its consequences, and how/whether they are coping with and responding to this change. Our results highlight that Shawi men’s agency and conscious envisioning of their future food system intersect with the effects of government policy. Shawi men perceive that the main driver of their food-system changes, i.e., less forest food, is self-driven population growth, leading to emotions of guilt and shame. During our study, they articulated a conscious belief that future generations must transition from forest-based to agricultural foods, emphasising education as central to this transition. Additionally, results suggest that the Peruvian government is indirectly promoting Shawi population growth through policies linking population size to improved service delivery, particularly education. Despite intentional Shawi moves to transition to agriculture, this results in a loss of men’s cultural identity and has mental-health implications, creating new vulnerabilities due to increasing climatic extremes, such as flooding and higher temperatures.