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Risk of dog bite injury in veterinary practice OCCUPATIONAL hazards are numerous in general veterinary practice; these can range from animal-acquired infection to operator musculoskeletal fatigue (Jeyaretnam and Jones 2000). It has been reported that veterinarians encountering work-related injuries outnumber medical GPs by a factor of 2.9 (Nienhaus and others 2005). Bites and scratches from patients are commonly accepted as inevitable injuries that 'come with the territory' of practising as a veterinary professional. It is noteworthy, however, that fewer incidents are seen by more experienced practitioners (Gabel and Gerberich 2002). We report a case of a young veterinary surgeon who was treated by our oral and maxillofacial surgery team following an incident with a Staffordshire bull terrier. The canine patient, which was not muzzled, attacked the vet while undergoing a cardiovascular examination. Due to its position it was able to lunge towards the vet's face to bite off a significant portion of the upper lip. Additionally, several superficial facial lacerations were sustained. The resultant upper lip was technically complex to manage, owing to the degree and site of tissue loss. Future management is likely to involve mucosal grafting to aid lip reconstruction. The vet is likely to remain under the maxillofacial team for follow-up for several months to come. This is not an isolated case of facial trauma experienced by veterinary staff. A similar case has been managed by our team recently which, again, necessitated several months of treatment. We would like to raise awareness among our veterinary colleagues of animal bites and their potentially devastating consequences. In our experience, such incidents can result in profound psychosocial issues such as depression and emotional withdrawal. These cases demonstrate the importance of donning appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in the veterinary surgery. A clear visor acts as a simple yet effective means of facial protection without detracting from eye contact and facial recognition on the part of the veterinary patient. We wonder if a lower threshold for muzzling dogs could be implemented? Comments and opinions regarding PPE in veterinary practice and prevention of animal bites would be welcome.

The mining activities at PT Cahaya Riau Mandiri jobsite PT Duta Alam Sumatera applied conventional mining method, namely using the combination of loading and hauling equipment. The mining activity for overburden removal at PT Duta Alam Sumatera had equipment synchronization of MF >1 where the loading equipment had waiting time. To obtain the synchronized time, the reduction of hauling tools was necessary so that production activities especially overburden hauling could run optimally without any waiting time. The use of need equipment especially on the overburden activity utilized 5 units of DT Nissan CWB 45 and 1 unit of Komatsu PC 400 loading tool. Fleet 1 had production of 118.21 BCM/hours with match factor 1.46. Fleet 2 had production of 111.13 BCM/hours with match factor 1.52. Fleet 3 had production of 113.70 BCM/hours with match factor 1.46. The number of hauling tool could accelerate the mining activities without any waiting time from the almost close match factor