Water resources in Egypt are becoming scarce and the demand for clean drinking water supply is one of the most important priorities of the Egyptian government in recent years. Analyzing water use and future demand forecasting is a primitive clue for water demand management. Water in Luxor is used for agricultural, residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic purposes. The results of water use analysis indicated that for the time period from 1983 to 2012, agriculture is the highest consumer of water which reached about 94.76-97.38 % followed by residential water consumption (1.90-3.05 %), institutional water consumption (0.71-1.75 %), and touristic water consumption (0.02-0.43 %), respectively. The future demand forecasting results revealed that the present situation may continue to rise in the next 50 years which will increase the water demand with a water deficit ranging between 15 and 114 MCM/year. To fill the gap between the present water consumption and future residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic water demand, additional municipal facilities, and improvement and management of water supply/demand are needed. To cope with the predicted future water demand, it is recommended to improve the on-farm irrigation, reduce the demand for irrigation water, rationalize the irrigation water use, and enhance the integrated role of water users in integrated water resources management.
Ammonia volatilization following fertilization with urea can be substantial. Losses via NH3 volatilization may be reduced with the concurrent application of KCl, which temporarily reduces soil pH. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of various urea‐KCl mixtures on NH3 volatilization and N transformations in two soils. Urea, granular urea plus KCl, urea plus KCl in solution, and urea coated with powdered KCl were added to a Matapeake silt loam (a fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) and a Hagerstown silty clay loam (a fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) at rates equivalent to 260 kg urea ha−1 (120 kg N ha−1) and 260 kg KCl ha−1 (135 kg K ha−1). During the first 13 d of incubation in the Matapeake soil, 26% of the N applied as urea alone was lost via NH3 volatilization. From the KCl‐coated urea, only 13% of the applied N was lost via volatilization. Ammonia losses from the Hagerstown soil were less than from the Matapeake soil but were still significantly reduced by the KCl coating on urea. Differences in NH3 volatilization between the soils were primarily attributed to the rate of urea hydrolysis and subsequent N transformations. These results indicate that coating urea with KCl may offer a significant advantage over uncoated urea, especially in K‐deficient soils.
There is a considerable lack of essential information about Entisols derived from shale in the arid desert environment. This study was thus carried out to characterize and map the spatial variability of primary properties of Entisols in Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. Soil properties of twenty-seven profiles represented by Entisols were carefully examined. Geostatistical analysis was performed to map soil variability based on the ordinary kriging interpolation method. Results show that most of the studied soils (92.1%) were fine and medium in texture. The values of electrical conductivity of soil paste extract (ECe) ranged between 0.45 and 36.40 dS m −1 (mean = 10.35 dS m −1 ). Most of the studied soil samples (82.9%) were extremely low in organic matter (OM) (≤ 3.4 g kg −1 ). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged between 9.37 and 50.84 cmol(+) kg −1 with an average of 29.09 cmol(+) kg −1 . The coefficient of variation was high to very high for sand, ECe, and OM; moderate for silt, clay, saturation percentage, and CEC; and low for the soil pH. Significantly positive and negative correlations were observed among the Entisol properties (at P < 0.01 and/or P < 0.05), and most of these relationships are likely associated with the parent material. Precise maps created efficiently with geostatistics were crucial for a proper understanding of the current spatial variability in the study area. This study provides valuable information and new knowledge about the properties and the spatial variability of this type of Entisols.Keywords Arid environment . Dakhla Oasis . Entisols . Geostatistical analysis . Ordinary kriging . Soil properties Highlights • We investigated the characteristics of Entisols derived from shale in arid desert environment.• This study provides important information about properties of this type of soils, which has a severe lack of information. • Geostatistical analyses provide powerful analytical tools to capture the horizontal variability of soil properties. • The coefficient of variation (CV) is a useful indicator for spatial and vertical variations of soil properties. • The parent material plays an effective role in the diversity of soil properties in the arid regions.
These experiments were conducted at El-Kharga and El-Dakhla Oases (latitude 25.45 and 25.48 o N respectively) at the governrate of New Valley during the fall/winter seasons of 1996/1997 and 1997/1998. Two potato cultivars (Draga and Diamant) were planted and irrigated using the trickle irrigation system at two irrigation regimes (30 and 60 min daily = 840 and 1680 m 3 / season). The sprinkler irrigation system was tested at 30 min daily level (1680 m 3 / season) vs the drip irrigation regimes at Dakhla location only. The strong winds resulted in an irregular distribution of the sprinkled water. That lead to an even potato plant growth and a low total and marketable yield. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the soils and water of the two locations were conducted. The combined analysis of variance over the two seasons indicated that the use of the trickle irrigation system at 60 min. resulted in improving the yield of the tow potato cultivars. Sowing Diamant cv. resulted in more yields, than Draga cv. at the two locations. However, the water use efficiency was higher in the 30-min irrigation regime and it is advisable to be used there to increase the cultivated land and total yield. Finally the Dakhla location was superior to the Kharga location which may be due to differences in soil fertility and water quality.
Two experiments were conducted at Water Studies and Research Complex (WSRC), Station, National Water Research Center, Toshka -Abu Simbel, during two growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 to compare available reference evapotranspiration (ET • ) equations (Hargreaves-Samani (HS), Makkink (MK), Priestley-Taylor (PT) and Turc (TC)) to the FAO-56 method to determine suitable alternatives for use in Toshka region, and to evaluation effects of drought stress and filter mud cake on physiological traits of two maize hybrids, three regulated deficit irrigation levels of available water content depletion (AWCD) I 1 , 13 %, I 2 , 25% and I 3 , 50% AWCD were combined with three levels of filter mud cake (FMC) F 1 : 4 kg m 2 , F 2 : 2 kg m 2 and F 3 : 0 kg.The data revealed that the individual influence of used 13% AWCD and FMC 4 kg m 2 , caused increases of the plant height (m), leaf area (cm 2 ), no. grains/cob, grain yield (ton/fed.) and water use efficiency (WUE) (Kg/m 3 ).The data also, revealed that the average seasonal values of the actual evapotranspiration (Eta) decreased as the percentage of soil moisture depletion increased (more available water extracted) . The Eta values were 1012.5, 853.1 and 712.7mm at 13, 25 and 50% AWCD, respectively.The data also, revealed that the grain yield in the first season (2017/2018) were 1.70, 1.32 and 0.77 ton/fed. While in the second season (2018/2019) were 1.85, 1.53 and 0.75 ton/fed for 13, 25 and 50% AWCD, respectively.The data revealed that increased regime treatment from 13 to 50% AWCD decreased WUE by maize plants from (0.45 to 0.29 kg/m 3 ) and (0.48 to 0.27 kg/m 3 )in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively.The results showed that the Hargreaves -Samani (HS) equation is suitable for estimating ETo for the studied area.
Macro elements availability in soils is an important aspect in context of soil fertility and agricultural productivity. This study was performed to determine the levels of some macro elements availability in El-kharga oasis soils, New Valley, Egypt. To achieve this goal, hundred surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from El-Kharga and Barisoasis, New Valley, Egypt. The collected soil samples were subjected for chemical analyses. The obtained results showed that the dominant problems are salinity and low organic matter content, The summarized data showed that 35% of the samples have low available nitrogen and 65% have medium nitrogen which was associated with low organic matter (100% of the samples have less than 1% OM). However 91% of the samples have high available P(˃15mg/kg), where as 5% and 4% of the samples were categorized as low and medium available P. Also, 98% of the samples were high in available potassium and only 2% were medium. The high content of available P and K may be resulted from the parent material of El-kharga oasis. According to ECe, 49% of the samples have ECe less than 4dSm-1 , 51% of the samples were higher than 4dSm-1 , (21% medium, 16% high and 14% very high). Considering the soil pH and EC e , the results showed that 42% of the samples were non saline, 50% were saline, 6% were sodic soil and only 2%were saline sodic soils.
Filed experiment was conducted during winter seasons (2014-2015, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017) to study the effect of organomineral fertilization (NPK, compost , poultry manure, ½ NPK + compost and ½ NPK + poultry manure) on vegetative growth and production of two potato cultivars (Rosetta and Burren) under EL-Dakhala Oasis (latitude 25 35 2.35N , longitude 29 0 31.62 E) New valley governorate . The amount of the used fertilizers was 300 kg Ammonium nitrate 33.5% (NH 4 NO 3 ). In addition, Super phosphate (15.5% P 2 O 5 ) was applied at rate of 387 kg/fed and potassium sulfate (50 % K 2 O) was added at rate of 200 kg/fed. The compost was added as 11 tons / fed and the poultry manure was added at rate of 4 tons/fed. Half of the above amounts of mineral fertilizers, NPK, were added when either of the organic materials were mixed with NPK. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design using split plot arrangement with four replications. The two potato cultivars were arranged in the main plots while, the five organo-minerals treatments were allocated in the sub plots. The results showed that all studied factors and their interaction had a significant effect on the studied traits. Burren potato cultivar surpassed Rosetta cultivar in all studied traits. Moreover, organo-mineral fertilization (½ NPK + compost fertilizer) was superior treatment in all studied traits followed by ½ NPK + poultry manure compared to NPK or organic manures alone. Furthermore, the highest mean values of the studied traits were obtained by Burren cultivar that fertilized with ½ NPK + compost and ½ NPK + poultry manure under New valley conditions.
Field experiments were carried out at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt to study the effects of deficit irrigation and harvesting date chemical composition of three sugar beet varieties. A split block design with three replications was used. Main blokes were assigned to three irrigation water regimes (100%, 85%, and 70% of water requirement). The sub blot was occupied by three harvesting dates (180, 195 and 210 days). Sub- sub plots comprised three sugar beet varieties namely (RAVEL, SV1841and SA1686). Results indicated that reducing water supply reduced alpha - amino N present in the second season, Na present in the second season, and K present and sugar lost to molasses, but increased sucrose present, extractable present, QZ present, purity present, extractability present. Increasing harvesting date increased K present, sucrose present, extractable present, QZ present, purity present, extractability present but reduced alpha - amino N present, Na present and sugar lost to molasses in the second season. Sucrose present, extractable present, QZ present purity present and extractability present of RAVEL and SA1686 varieties were almost comparable but higher than those of SV1841 variety.
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