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In total, 140 populations of the genus Meloidogyne collected from representative horticultural regions of Spain and maintained at the Department of Agroecology, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Madrid were characterized using perineal morphology, sequenced characterized amplified region polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers, and bioassay. Using a modified North Carolina differential host test as a basis, 13 Meloidogyne populations did not fit into the published race scheme. These populations had very limited host ranges, reproducing only on susceptible tomato cv. Marmande and sometimes also on tobacco cv. NC95 and the pepper cv. Sonar in the case of Meloidogyne arenaria. They did not reproduce on cotton or peanut. The species and new races were identified as M. incognita races 5 (6 populations) and 6 (2 populations) and M. javanica race 5 (2 populations), with new records of M. arenaria race 3 (2 populations) and M. javanica race 1 (23 populations) for Spain.

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This laboratory study evaluates the biofumigant effect of different organic materials with the aim of developing non-chemical alternatives for the management of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood populations. Sources of organic material from the production system were selected with the aim of reducing agricultural residue accumulation problems as well as decreasing the costs due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The selected materials were residues from pepper, strawberry, tomato and cucumber crops, orange juice industry residues, commercial manure and sheep manure, applied at different dosages. Two biofumigation assays were performed under laboratory conditions, using alkaline soils from the Torreblanca area (Murcia, Spain) and acidic soils from the Villa del Prado area (Madrid, Spain). The assays evaluated the effect of the treatments on M. incognita juveniles and other soil organisms, the nematode galling index on tomato roots (susceptible cv. Marmande) grown in the biofumigated soil and soil fertility parameters. The results showed that all biofumigant materials significantly decreased M. incognita populations and galling indices in tomato cv. Marmande. A greater effect was observed on galling indices when applying crop residues together with manure than with the residues alone. Biofumigation had a general beneficial effect on soil fertility, generally increasing nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and potassium levels, and also calcium levels when crop residues of pepper and strawberry were applied. There were no important variations in the number of saprophagous nematodes, dorylaimids and enchytraeids.

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