The experimental trail was performed throughout two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) with the aim of improving growth and quality of three Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars (red flowers "San Diego", yellow flowers "Butterfly" and orange flowers "Peach Schnapps"). Thus, the effect of three types of fertilization with different levels and some combinations with them, Lithovit (Nano-fertilizer), Diatoms (Algae-fertilizer) and Kristalon (NPK 19:19:19 and micro-elements) on the three cultivars were investigated in both seasons. The results emphasized that Hibiscus cv. San Diego was the best cultivar used for its superiority in producing the tallest plant, the heaviest fresh weight of vegetative growth, the highest number of flowers/plant, and the heaviest fresh weight of roots. Meanwhile Peach Schnapps cv. gave the highest number of leaves/plant, whereas, Butterfly cv. produced the highest number of branches/plant. On the other side, supplying plants with Kristalon alone or combined with fertilizers proved its superiority in improving plant parameters in most cases. The highest records of number of leaves/plant or number of branches/plant were a result of supplying plants with Kristalon at 2 g/pot. Meanwhile, the heaviest fresh weight of vegetative growth and the highest number of flowers/plant were a result of applying Kristalon at 4 g/pot. Similarly, the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot succeeded in producing the tallest plant and the highest number of branches/plant. Meanwhile, supplying plants with Diatoms at 200 cm 3 /pot was the best treatment for producing the heaviest fresh weight of roots. Chemical constituents of the plants were also affected by the different Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars and fertilizer treatments. Peach Schnapps cv. recorded the highest value of N% in leaves, Butterfly cv. was the best for raising P and K% in leaves. Furthermore, the highest N% in leaves was a result of supplying plants with Diatoms at either 100 or 200 cm 3 /pot or Kristalon at 4 g/pot or the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot. Moreover, supplying plants with Diatoms at 50 or 200 cm 3 /pot or the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot caused a clear increment in P% in leaves. Meanwhile, treating plants with Lithovit at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/l or Kristalon 4g/pot gave the highest values of K% in leaves. Additionally, either Hibiscus cv. Peach Schnapps or cv. San Diego were the best cultivars in raising total carbohydrates (%) in the leaves. Also, treating plants with the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot was the best treatment in raising total carbohydrates (%) in leaves. From the above outlined results it could be recommended to supply plants with Kristalon at 2 or 4 g/pot or with the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot to achieve the hope of producing Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants with high quality.
Two field experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Experiment and Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, during the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 seasons to study the effect of plant distance and nitrogen fertilization on the yield of caraway (Carum carvi L.). Plant distance treatments were 20, 40 and 60 cm. Nitrogen fertilization treatments were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45 kg N/feddan. The results indicated that the maximum values for plant height were obtained when the distance was 20 cm between the plants, while for the number of branches/plant, the number of umbels/plant, fruit weight/plant (gm), fruit yield/plot (gm), fruit yield/feddan (kg), 1000 seeds weight (gm), oil% and oil yield/feddan (L) the maximum values were obtained when the distance was 60 cm between the plants. Also, the results indicated that the maximum values for plant height, number of branches/plant, number of umbels/plant, fruit weight/plant (gm), fruit yield/plot (gm), fruit yield/feddan (kg), weight of 1000 seeds (gm), oil% and oil yield/feddan (L) were obtained with applying 40 kg of nitrogen/feddan. Interaction between plant distance and nitrogen fertilization resulted in the maximum values of fruit yield/feddan with the distance of 40 cm between plants and applying 40 kg nitrogen/feddan.
A field experiment was carried out in the black saran green house during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, at the Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, Nubaria, Egypt, to study the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen sources fertilizer i.e., mineral nitrogen (MN) and organic nitrogen (ON); on the growth of ceriman (Monstera deliciosa Liebm.). Plant spacing treatments were 50, 60 and 75 cm between plants in rows, the distance between each row 70 cm. MN and ON fertilization treatments were (control, 100% MN, 100% ON, 75% MN+25% ON, 50% MN+50% ON, 25% MN+75% ON). The results of this study revealed that the maximum values of stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, petiole length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area (cm 2 ) and fresh and dry weights of all plant organs were obtained when the spacing was 75 cm between the plants, while the maximum values of plant height was obtained when the spacing was 50 cm between the plants. Also, the results indicated that the maximum values for plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, petiole length, leaf length, leaf area (cm 2 ) and fresh and dry weights of all plant organs were obtained with 100% MN fertilization in both seasons. Whereas, the broadest leaves were obtained with applying 75% MN+25% ON fertilization in both seasons. Interaction between plant spacing and nitrogen sources resulted in the maximum values of the number of leaves/plant, petiole length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and fresh and dry weights of all plant organs with spacing of 75 cm between plants and applying 100% MN fertilization, except, the maximum value of plant height under spacing 50 cm treated with 100% MN fertilization.
This investigation was carried out at the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt during two successive seasons; 2007 and 2008, aiming to study the effect of different growing media (clay, sand, and clay + sand 1:1 by volume) and NPK (4:4:1) fertilization at different rates (0, 2, 4 and 6 g/pot) on the growth and chemical composition of Khaya senegalensis seedlings.The results showed that growing the plants in clay medium gave the highest values of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaflets/plant, chlorophyll (a and b) contents and total carbohydrates in the root, in both seasons. Whereas sand medium gave the highest value of carotenoids in the first season, but in the second season clay medium gave the highest value of carotenoids. While the clay + sand medium gave the highest values of total carbohydrates in the leaves and the stems.NPK at 6 g/plant increased plant height, stem diameter, number of leaflets/plant and chlorophyll (a and b) contents. Whereas NPK at 4 g/plant increased total carbohydrates content in the leaves and the application of NPK at 2 g/plant increased total carbohydrates content in the stems and the roots in both seasons. All NPK fertilization treatments gradually decreased carotenoids content as compared with the control plants in the first season, but all NPK fertilization treatments significantly increased carotenoids contents compared with the control plants in the second season.Using clay combined with NPK at 6 g/plant gave the highest values of most characters. The highest value of carotenoids content was obtained from 2 g NPK/plant combined with sand soil in the first season, but in the second season the highest value of carotenoids content. While using clay + sand or clay medium fertilized with NPK at 4 g/plant gave the highest values of total carbohydrates in the leaves. Plants grown in clay + sand medium and treated with 2 g NPK/plant gave the highest values of total carbohydrates in the stems, in both seasons. Whereas using clay soil treated with NPK at 2 g/plant gave the highest values of total carbohydrates in the roots in the first and second seasons.
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