The experimental trial was consummated during two successive seasons (2011/ 2012 and 2012/ 2013) at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst., Giza, Egypt. It was intended to find out the solve of one of the most important problems faced the production of Gladiolus in Egypt, i.e. the deterioration of corms production year after year. So, the independent as well as the combined effects of different growing media (sand, sand/compost 1:1 v/v and sand/sewage sludge 3:1 v/v), fertilization treatments (NPK at 1:2:1, kristalon and EM 5%) and their interaction were investigated on the production of Gladiolus corms from cormlets locally. The results indicated that growing cormlets in sand/compost (1:1 v/v) medium proved its mastery in raising corms yield, corm fresh and dry weights, corm circumference and root length of corm as well as cormlets yield and quality in both seasons. Meanwhile, using sand medium in plantation achieved the second rank in improving the same parameters in the same seasons. Results indicated also the prevalence of all corms and cormlets parameters due to applying the mixture of N, P and K, whereas kristalon and EM 5% showed less effect in this regard. Chemical constituents of the new formed corms were also affected by the previous treatments, where growing cormlets in sand/compost medium showed its superiority in raising N, P and K as well as total carbohydrates content in the new corms. Also, NPK fertilization revealed an increment on the same parameters in the same organ. From the aforementioned results and interactions, it could be recommended to grow Gladiolus (cv. Novalux) cormlets in sand/compost medium along with treating the plants with NPK mixture at a ratio of 1: 2: 1 at the rate of 2 g/pot, 8 times at 15 day intervals to obtain high yield and quality of the new formed corms.
The aim was to quantify the water requirements of Hymenocallis speciosa Salisb. plants grown in different growing media, i.e. clay, sand/clay, sand/compost (2:1, v/v) and sand/sewage sludge (4:1, v/v) with supplying the plants with different irrigation levels (low, moderate and high) according to field capacity of each growing medium used in every irrigation to asses the most suitable irrigation level for producing the best vigorous plant growth as well as for reducing the amount of water used in agricultural production and determine the best growing media used for producing plants with high yield and quality. Accordingly, bulbs of an average weight of 46 g and 10 cm diameter were selected and planted on March 12 th in plastic pots of 30 cm diameter under open field conditions in both seasons. The results emphasized that sand/compost (2:1, v/v) was the best medium used for improving vegetative growth and root parameters as well as most flower traits, bulbs productivity and chemical constituents of plant leaves and bulbs. Besides, it proved its mastery in shortening the time required from planting to flowering. Meanwhile, sand/clay (2:1, v/v) and sand/sewage sludge (4:1, v/v) were less efficient in improving plant traits and occupied the second and third ranks, respectively. In contrast, clay medium gave the least efficiency in this concern comparing with the other media used in the two seasons. Also, great influence was noticed on the above mentioned traits due to supplying plants either moderate or high level in every irrigation. Meanwhile, the lowest irrigation regime gave an intermediate effects on the same traits. Therefore, and from the interaction it could be recommended to use sand/compost (2:1, v/v) medium in plantation with supplying plants the moderate irrigation level in every irrigation for achieving high plant quality of Hymenocallis speciosa Salisb. plant, besides save a good deal of water for other purposes.
An experimental trial was consummated throughout two successive seasons (2006/07 and 2007/08) at the nursery of Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. It was intended to find out how far Ceiba pentandra L. plant can withstand various salinity levels (1500, 3000, 4500 and 6000 ppm) of irrigation, to assess the possibility of planting such plant in new areas such as coastal lands. Accordingly, the previous salinity levels were tested for their effects on growth, development and chemical constituents. The results revealed that using the lowest salinity levels (1500 and 3000 ppm) had a beneficial effect on some plant traits, as they increased plant height, number of leaves/plant, fresh and dry weights of compound leaves, root length and fresh and dry weights of roots as well as stem diameter with only 3000 ppm of saline water. The contrary action was detected due to increasing salinity levels to 4500 and 6000 ppm in few cases as they decreased leaflet and compound leaf areas.Chemical constituents of the different plant parts were also affected by the different salinity levels. All of them revealed a beneficial effect on total carbohydrates content in leaves, especially with the lowest levels (1500 and 3000 ppm), whereas in stem, the best result was gained as a result of salinity treatments at 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm. The low levels (1500 and 3000 ppm) also caused an increment in indole content in leaves, whereas the highest one (6000 ppm) caused a decrement. Phenols as well as phenols/indoles ratio in the leaves increased progressively by increasing salinity level. Meanwhile, pigment content showed a decrement in plants receiving the different salinity levels, especially the highest one (6000 ppm).Thus, it could be concluded that Ceiba pentandra L. withstands salinity level up to 6000 ppm, with beneficial effects in some instances.
The experimental trail was performed throughout two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) with the aim of improving growth and quality of three Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars (red flowers "San Diego", yellow flowers "Butterfly" and orange flowers "Peach Schnapps"). Thus, the effect of three types of fertilization with different levels and some combinations with them, Lithovit (Nano-fertilizer), Diatoms (Algae-fertilizer) and Kristalon (NPK 19:19:19 and micro-elements) on the three cultivars were investigated in both seasons. The results emphasized that Hibiscus cv. San Diego was the best cultivar used for its superiority in producing the tallest plant, the heaviest fresh weight of vegetative growth, the highest number of flowers/plant, and the heaviest fresh weight of roots. Meanwhile Peach Schnapps cv. gave the highest number of leaves/plant, whereas, Butterfly cv. produced the highest number of branches/plant. On the other side, supplying plants with Kristalon alone or combined with fertilizers proved its superiority in improving plant parameters in most cases. The highest records of number of leaves/plant or number of branches/plant were a result of supplying plants with Kristalon at 2 g/pot. Meanwhile, the heaviest fresh weight of vegetative growth and the highest number of flowers/plant were a result of applying Kristalon at 4 g/pot. Similarly, the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot succeeded in producing the tallest plant and the highest number of branches/plant. Meanwhile, supplying plants with Diatoms at 200 cm 3 /pot was the best treatment for producing the heaviest fresh weight of roots. Chemical constituents of the plants were also affected by the different Hibiscus rosa-sinensis cultivars and fertilizer treatments. Peach Schnapps cv. recorded the highest value of N% in leaves, Butterfly cv. was the best for raising P and K% in leaves. Furthermore, the highest N% in leaves was a result of supplying plants with Diatoms at either 100 or 200 cm 3 /pot or Kristalon at 4 g/pot or the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot. Moreover, supplying plants with Diatoms at 50 or 200 cm 3 /pot or the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot caused a clear increment in P% in leaves. Meanwhile, treating plants with Lithovit at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/l or Kristalon 4g/pot gave the highest values of K% in leaves. Additionally, either Hibiscus cv. Peach Schnapps or cv. San Diego were the best cultivars in raising total carbohydrates (%) in the leaves. Also, treating plants with the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot was the best treatment in raising total carbohydrates (%) in leaves. From the above outlined results it could be recommended to supply plants with Kristalon at 2 or 4 g/pot or with the combination of Diatoms at 100 cm 3 /pot + Kristalon at 2 g/pot to achieve the hope of producing Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants with high quality.
It was intended to improve vegetative growth and root parameters of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. at the early growth stages by studying the effect of treating the plants with different natural extracts botanicals (Moringa oleifera, Lam., Thymus vulgaris, L. and Majorana hortensis, Moench) at the levels of 0, 5 and 10%, besides the combination of moringa + marjoram, moringa + thyme and marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5%. All of them were applied as a foliar spray commencing from November 20 th in both seasons on transplants of 14-15 cm. height with 4-5 leaves till June 20 th of the next year at 15 days interval. The plants were grown in sand + peatmoss mixture (1:1, v/v) under the condition of saran house of 65% shading. The results could be briefed as follows: Most plants which received the highest natural extract level (10%) died after about six times of the beginning of spraying. So, the corresponding data of such treatments were excluded. The prevalence of supplying plants with moringa extract at 5% for improving vegetative growth and root parameters of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. plant at the terminate of experiment (July 15 th) as it increased leaf area, fresh and dry weights of either leaves or roots/plant. Also, it raised root length, root diameter, number of the secondary roots/ plant, length of the longest secondary root. Meanwhile, using the combination of marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5% belonged to the first and second degree for improving the above mentioned traits in most cases. In contrast, the least scores were a result of untreated plants (control) and plants which received only thyme extract at 5%. From the aforementioned results, it could be recommended to apply either moringa extract at 5% or the combination of marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5% on Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. transplants for improving vegetative growth and root parameters of such economic important plant, besides, getting better plants without being forced to use chemical nutrients or synthetic growth regulators that may pollute the environment with getting a safe clean product.
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