Objective: We aimed to analyze the results of the measurements of the total alpha activity and activity of radon-222 in the water of artesian wells to establish the geographical regions of Ukraine which require a deep attention to the assessment of the radioactivity of the groundwater. Methods: We used empirical, analytical, radiometric, spectrometric methods and method of mathematical statistics in the study. Materials: We carried out a statistical analysis of the results of the measurements of the total alpha activity and the activity of radon-222 in water samples from the artesian wells of 23 administrative regions of Ukraine studied during 2016 - 2020. Results: Analysis of the results of the measurements of the total alpha-activity and radon-222 activity in the water of artesian wells showed their significant heterogeneity for different regions of Ukraine and a connection with the geological features of the area. The statistical distribution of the values of the total alpha activity and the activity of radon-222 in water samples, diagrams of the range of measured values within the regions of Ukraine and between regions are presented in the work; the measurement results were plotted on the hydrogeological map of Ukraine. Conclusion: The values of the total alpha activity and the activity of radon-222 indicate that these indicators are extremely heterogeneous for the territory of Ukraine and reflect the geological features of the area. The results of the analysis can be useful for making recommendations to collective and individual water consumers, well owners regarding the need in more detailed study of the content of natural radionuclides in the sources of water and the use of the appropriate methods of water treatment in cases of non-compliance with the accepted standards. It is shown that it is necessary to develop a strategy for radiation monitoring of the groundwater quality in the country in order to study objectively the existing state and the achievement of an acceptable quality of the water consumed by the population.
The analysis of the documents of the authoritative international organizations and scientific works was carried out from the point of view of the development of the strategy for ensuring the radiation quality of drinking water. The radiation parameters of the quality of drinking water, the interpretation of monitoring results by screening and recommended levels, the value of the individual dose criterion, as well as algorithms for establishing the frequency of monitoring of the radiation parameters of drinking water were considered. Objective: We analyzed the documents of reputable international organizations and scientific works in terms of the development of the strategy for ensuring radiation quality of drinking water and the features of the practical application of the parameters of water radiation quality in the world and Ukraine. Methods: bibliographic, analytical. Materials: We performed the analysis of the documents of international organizations (WHO, IAEA, ICRP, UNSCEAR), as well as scientific publications on the radiation quality of drinking water in the light of the experience in measuring the content of drinking water radionuclides at the territory of Ukraine. Results: Materials of the international documents and scientific publications demonstrate that the assessment of radiation quality of drinking water requires a balanced analysis. In some cases, based on the results of only one determination of the total alpha and total beta activity, it is impossible to draw an unambiguous conclusion about the suitability or unsuitability of drinking water for consumption. Taking into account the geological heterogeneity of the territory of Ukraine, in order to obtain sufficient data on the radioactivity of groundwater, it is necessary to conduct extensive screening studies of the radiation quality of water in the regions of the country with the involvement of geological and monitoring services, local authorities.
The new combine harvester technology for grain crops also includes combing the plants at the root. However, harvesting of the combed stalks is still a major constraint on the widespread use of the new harvesting technology. The segmented tine cutter with reciprocating blade movement is the most compact and technologically reliable for cutting the combed stalks. A conveyor mechanism designed as an endless chain loop with rakes attached to it is used to clean the cutting area. Rakes are positioned above the cutterbar parallel to the plane of the segments, on which the cut stalks are transported to the exhaust window zone. However, using the small-sized above-mentioned cutterbar raises the problem of balancing transverse vibrations and rake clearing in the windrow formation zone. The geometric parameters of a cutting unit based on an endless chain with an active windrower are grounded in the article. A system of equations for determining the range of possible impact point values on the surface of the reflecting roller is obtained. This is used in modeling the interaction of the stalk with the surface of the rollers. This system of equations also makes it possible to determine the maximum height that the stalk can reach in its turning. This is necessary to substantiate the height of the rollers. When studying the mechanical and technological features of interaction between the combed stalks and the working elements of the cutting unit, the following tasks were solved: the chosen scheme of stalk transport forms and places the swath between the working organs of the combine harvester; as a result of kinematic analysis of the transporting mechanism it has been determined that at the place of rake turning there are good conditions for cleaning this mechanism from the stalks and forming a swath. A physical model of the interaction of the stems with the surface of the windrower in the form of two reflecting rollers that form a single unit with the sprockets of the conveying mechanism has been developed. Using such unit would reduce the vibration of the cutter and improve the quality of cleaning the rake in the windrow forming zone.
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