annual fundraiser or to meet a current crisis situation. In contrast, institutional philanthropy reflects a considered approach that often results in the establishment of a foundation or gifts to an existing foundation; in turn, the foundations provide grants for charitable purposes from the income of the original funding so that the original (and any additional) donations are kept intact. Both of these types of philanthropy, however, make the presumption that donations are always in dollars when, in fact, business entities are looking toward alternatives to the gift of money; items such as volunteer time, goods (in-kind gifts), obsolete or damaged merchandise services, used equipment, meeting space, employee expertise, and sponsorships are making substantial inroads into the philanthropical sphere. Companies are even giving away unused or unusable patents, often to universities, hospitals, and NFPs, and turning "what had been wasting away into multimillion-dollar tax writeoffs" (Feder, 2002 A PROCESS FOR RESPONSIBLE CHOICEResponsible decision making implies the use of an enumerated list of selected criteria to identify and evaluate the alternatives to a decision scenario. When a business makes the choice to engage in philanthropy, it should not be performed checkbook-style, that is, through random acts of giving to whichever charitable organization happens to knock on the door first. Business philanthropy should be viewed as an important undertaking that demands reason, consistent effort, and commitment. Such a process does not mandate the establishment of a philanthropic foundation by a business. It does, however, mandate that a business consciously establish a process (see Exhibit 2) and a set of criteria to allow rational choice. By engaging in selection process, the effect of the business's philanthropic Some Organizational Benefits of Charitable Contributions• Positive (or improved) organizational image to customers, suppliers, employees and potential employees, and community at large • Increased brand awareness and recognition through sponsorships • Possible increased competitive advantage and customer loyalty • Improvement in local community because of organizational volunteerism • Leadership development opportunities for employees • Community goodwill in the event of organizational downturn or crisis • Exposure of employees to diverse ideas, people, and social strata • Potential for building a sense of common purpose among employees • Income tax benefits from monetary and product donations to tax-deductible organizations Exhibit 1 efforts will be magnified through consistent donations to organizations that perform well in pursuing objectives that the business donor believes to be important.First and foremost, to make rationale choices of charitable organizations to support, management must believe that business philanthropy provides benefits to all constituents involved-the business itself as well as the business's stakeholders. Business donors have a responsibility to their shareholders, internal and ...
Cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis (MS) are heterogeneous and their rate varies between 43% and 70%. A less studied aspect of cognition is social cognition, which is not a uniform theoretical construct. It includes emotion perception, prosody, empathy, theory of mind (ToM) and assessment of mood. In addition to progressive physical disability, social cognitive impairments are a reason for job loss in 24-80% of patients with MS, increased divorce rate, dissolution of partnerships and social communication difficulties.Social cognitive impairments are the result of disruptions in the mentalization network at the neuroanatomical, neurochemical and/or genetic level, which can lead to malfunctions in the dopaminergic-serotoninergic system and to compromising the development of neuroanatomical targets within the network. The wide dissemination of demyelinating lesions and cortical thinning typical of patients with MS often lead to anatomic and functional disorders of the above-mentioned specific brain structures. A correlation has been established among specific cortical areas involved in emotion identification from facial expression (right and left fusiform face area, frontal eye), emotion processing (right entorhinal cortex) and socially relevant information (left temporal pole). The most active brain region involved in social cognitive processing is the medal frontal cortex (MFC), which is described as the brain's social cognitive center. During performance of various sociocognitive tasks for mental state attribution, common areas of increased activation in the medial prefrontal gyrus and the temporoparietal junctions are registered bilaterally, while the area of the medial prefrontal cortex (the paracingulate cortex) is the only region uniquely activated by the performance of ToM.Most MRI studies of patients with MS found a correlation between the cognitive and/or affective disorders, on the one hand, and lesion localization, total lesion load, or cerebral atrophy, on the other. A significant correlation was also reported between © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.abnormal activities in specific cortical zones on fMRI, on the one hand, and clinical manifestation, conventional MRI findings and behavioral changes, on the other. Altered patterns of brain activity were found in all clinical phenotypes of MS, including when cognitive abilities were intact and/or restored, social cognitive dysfunction in MS actually affects all stages of the disease and all types of clinical course. The cortical plastic changes are a dynamic phenomenon that can be modulated by external factors. This phenomenon would facilitate the mapping of individual strategies for adequate treatment and rehabilitation of each patient.
The results of this study suggest that in the decision whether to attempt weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation, more attention should be paid to the nonpulmonary factors.
The method of flexo-dielectro-optical spectroscopy was initially developed to study the spectra of the linear and quadratic electro-optic response of continuous nematic liquid crystal layers as a function of the frequency of the applied electric field at low frequencies (0.1-10000 Hz) [1]. Subsequently, it was applied to the microconfined PDLC system [2].In the present study a nanoconfined nematic system of 4-n-heptyl cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal (7CB) containing hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Aerosil 300) was investigated. The method was implemented by a lock-in detection of the 1st and 2nd harmonic of transmitted laser light through a nanonematic layer subjected to a.c. electric field, the results of which are compared with those for pure 7CB. The optical spectra recorded at various temperatures in the nematic phase of pure and nanostructured samples are presented along with data from static and dynamic measurements of the Freedericksz transition.The data so obtained contain information about liquid crystal disorder induced by the nanoparticles both in the bulk and in the nanoscale vicinity of each particle or network of paticles. They are interpreted in terms of two subsystems model, and dimensions of bulk and nanostructured domains evaluated.
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