College students, Financial education, Financial knowledge, Financial behavior, Financial attitudes,

Parental deployment during military conflicts has the potential to impact child adjustment. As increased numbers of military Service members have children, it is critical to understand the association between military deployment and child adjustment. In order to resolve inconsistencies in the existing literature, we performed a meta-analytic review of 16 studies that report associations of military deployment with internalizing, externalizing, and academic adjustment among children. Results indicate a small association between deployment and poorer adjustment. This association varied across several features of the studies. Age moderation was such that the associations are strongest in middle childhood and weakest during adolescence. The method that adjustment was assessed also moderated this association, such that maladjustment was evident primarily with parents' reports. Study design also moderated associations, such that comparisons to civilian controls indicated associations with maladjustment, whereas comparisons to nondeployed military and prepost comparisons did not. These findings summarize the existing quantitative literature to indicate that parental deployment has a negligible association with child maladjustment and provide a foundation for future research.

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This chapter examines risk and protective factors within adolescents and their environments and the manifestation of those factors in terms of risk behaviors or resiliency. A detailed exploration of four major risk behaviors in adolescents (i.e., teenage sexual activity, alcohol and/or substance use/abuse, delinquency and antisocial behavior, and school failure) is presented along with the risk factors found to be associated with them. Evidence is presented with regard to the co‐morbidity of those risk behaviors and risk factors. Understanding risk behaviors forms a foundation to understand the influence of risk behaviors on the developmental trajectory of young people. Moreover, specific attention to major risk behaviors also offers a basis for understanding the importance of multiple ecological influences, multiple constitutional influences, and the interactions that occur between them. The chapter then investigates the beginning of resiliency research and follows the field's development through to its current status and theoretical understanding of resiliency. Empirical findings related to protective factors and their interaction with risk factors are also presented. These interactions are critical to the overall development of adolescents, both in positive and negative directions. Understanding why so many are able to overcome adversity provides us with some direction in intervention efforts.

Do I wish to participate or not to participate in this program? That is the question that young people ask themselves when considering a new opportunity. What can be done to increase the likelihood that they will choose to participate in out-of-school-time (OST) programs? This chapter describes a qualitative study that examined reasons for participating or not participating in OST programs. Some common reasons emerged, but the study also revealed differences among youth from different ethnic groups. It is clear that those who design and conduct programs must understand the processes through which diverse adolescents initiate their participation in programs and either persist or drop out. Given the apparent benefits of active participation in youth programs, it is important to remove barriers and increase access and, equally important, design programs that are of interest to youth in the contexts in which they live.

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