Community Youth Development: Partnership Creating a Positive World

Perkins, Daniel F.; Borden, Lynne M.; Keith, Joanne G.; Hoppe-Rooney, Tianna L.; Villarruel, Francisco A.

doi:10.4135/9781452233635.n1

Cited by 58 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…Although all studies gave some attention to how PYD might reduce risk behaviours, only nine studies did so in any depth, 50,86,115,118,[120][121][122]125,126 and, of these, only Catalano et al 118 presented a comprehensive assessment of the causal mechanisms involved. Thus, many studies only narrowly met the inclusion criteria for this element of our review and did not present detailed causal pathways by which PYD interventions might reduce substance use and violence.…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…50,86,[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] One report was led by Canadian authors 117 and one by authors from Hong Kong. 122 All other reports were led by authors from the USA.…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…122 All other reports were led by authors from the USA. 50,86,[113][114][115][116][118][119][120][121][123][124][125][126] One report which described theory of change was also included in our review of process and outcome evaluations, 86 but all other theory reports did not report on empirical evaluations of PYD interventions. Four reports were led by Benson [113][114][115][116] and two by Lerner and Lerner.…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…123,124 During the process of coding studies, reviewers determined that the included reports engaged in two types of theorising, namely 'normative' (what things should look like) and causal (how things are causally interconnected). Nine of the reports largely focused on developing normative theory, [113][114][115][116]119,[122][123][124][125] which asserted the value of PYD in focusing on the development of assets rather than merely the prevention of risk behaviours, albeit with some discussion of causality too. Six reports largely focused on causal theory, which aimed to describe the mechanisms by which PYD might promote benefits, 50,117,118,120,121,126 and one report gave attention to both normative and causal elements.…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Roth and Brooks-Gunn, 50 Busseri et al, 117 Lerner et al, 123,124 Schwartz et al 126 and Perkins et al 125 all build on this idea of thriving by suggesting what particular 'assets' PYD might aim to develop, terming these the '5 Cs':…”

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confidence: 99%

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The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

et al. 2016

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BackgroundPositive Youth Development (PYD) delivered outside school aims to enable young people to develop positive assets such as relationships and confidence, rather than to merely address risk. Existing reviews of PYD effects on substance use or violence are old and unsystematic.ObjectivesTo systematically review evidence to answer the following questions: what theories of change inform PYD interventions addressing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts are identified as barriers to and facilitators of implementation and receipt in process evaluations of PYD? What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PYD in reducing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts appear to moderate, or are necessary and sufficient for, PYD effectiveness?Data sourcesA total of 21 bibliographic databases; 35 websites and contacting authors.Review methodsWe included reports published in English since 1985 and reporting on theories of change, as well as process, outcome and economic evaluations of PYD targeting 11- to 18-year-olds and addressing substance use or violence. References were screened on title/abstract and, where appropriate, on full report. Data extraction and quality assessment used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre and Cochrane tools. Theories of change and process evaluations were qualitatively metasynthesised. Outcome evaluations were synthesised narratively and meta-analytically.Results32,394 unique references were identified and 48 were included. A total of 16 reports described theories, 13 (10 studies) evaluated processes and 25 (10 studies) evaluated outcomes.Theories of changePYD interventions aim to offer opportunities for young people to develop positive ‘assets’ such as skills and confidence. These are theorised to promote and be promoted by young people’s ‘intentional self-regulation’, which involves reflecting on behaviour; determining goals; using existing resources to pursue these; and redirecting effort when thwarted. This enables ‘developmental regulation’, namely individuals capitalising on other opportunities to promote personal development. Positive assets thus accrued reduce health risks by reducing the impact on individuals of environmental risk or by ameliorating the impact of such risks. The literature offers limited insights beyond these general ideas.Process evaluationsCommunity engagement ensured that programmes were accessible and appealing. Staff capacity and continuity were crucial factors but often challenging when programmes could not offer full-time jobs. Tensions arose between a desire to empower participants to choose activities and a requirement for them to undertake a breadth of activities.Outcome evaluationsMeta-analyses of all combined outcomes and of short-term alcohol use, illicit drug use and smoking found no significant effects. There were small, statistically significant, short-term effects for an omnibus measure of substance use and for violence. We could not undertake metaregression to assess sociodemographic moderators but narrative synthesis suggested no clear pattern of effects by sex. We found no economic evaluations.LimitationsInsufficient studies precluded qualitative comparative analyses.ConclusionsHow PYD might promote health is currently undertheorised. Implementation can be challenging. We found little evidence that current PYD interventions delivered outside school reduce substance use or violence. However, these may not constitute a test of the effectiveness of the PYD model, as some included interventions that, although meeting our inclusion criteria, were not exemplars of PYD.Future workFurther evaluations should assess interventions employing PYD theory of change.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013005439.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

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Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

et al. 2016

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Positive Youth Development: Theory, Research, and Applications

Benson

Scales

Hamilton

et al. 2007

Handbook of Child Psychology

452

548

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From program participant to engaged citizen: a developmental journey

Borden

Serido

2009

Journal Community Psychology

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American youth who participate in both school‐based and community‐based programs during high school remain more civically engaged than their contemporaries throughout adulthood. However, few studies have examined the developmental processes through which participation in a youth directed program promotes civic responsibility. In this qualitative study, 23 males and 9 females took part in one of five focus groups to talk about their experiences as members of a youth empowerment center in the southwest. The results reveal a three‐phased process model of development from program participant to civically engaged youth. Each of the three phases, participation, connection and expansion, is explained using the words and examples provided by the youth. Implications for application and future research are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Community Youth Development: Partnership Creating a Positive World

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

Positive Youth Development: Theory, Research, and Applications

From program participant to engaged citizen: a developmental journey

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