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BackgroundThe marginalisation of youth with disabilities from employment opportunities is evident from literature in as far as they form part of the larger groups ‘people with disabilities’ and ‘youth’. A focused view of programmes that assist youth with disabilities into employment has not been presented, despite the worldwide crisis of youth unemployment.AimThis review aimed to identify evidence on work transition programmes that are effective in assisting people with disabilities into open labour market (competitive) employment, as well as to highlight gaps in knowledge to inform future research on this topic.MethodsLiterature and policy on programmes that support such transitions were considered, firstly from a global perspective and then with a view from developing countries. The SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) framework was used to source and analyse information from a diverse set of documents. Various online databases were searched for research papers published between 1990 and 2016, and websites were searched for reports pertaining to this topic.ResultsNinety-nine documents were selected to inform the review, out of an identified 259 scientific journal articles, policy documents, acts, organisational reports and book chapters.ConclusionA synthesis of findings was presented in a narrative that reflects the themes of youth with disabilities and employment in the world, work transition endeavours in the developing world and a specific focus on this group in South Africa. The review revealed a gap in knowledge and evidence pertaining to youth with disabilities and employment, highlighting these as research foci, and emphasising the need for youth-focused research that generates knowledge about disability and transitions into the labour force.

The objective of this review is to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal chronic pain among active and retired members of military forces and to characterize potential factors that could influence the frequency of musculoskeletal chronic pain. Introduction:Inherent to military occupations is a diverse source of occupational hazards that affect the well-being of individuals at any stage of their military career (active and retired). Chronic pain may result from the continuous exposure to physically demanding tasks and other risks. Moreover, chronic pain has been associated with other comorbidities, including mental health conditions.Inclusion criteria: Scientific papers in French or English reporting on chronic pain derived from a musculoskeletal cause in active and retired military personnel will be considered. There will be no restriction on participants' country, age, or length of service. Methods:The published literature will be identified by exploring biomedical, pharmacological, and physiology bibliographic databases. The unpublished literature will be located through the search of thesis and gray literature repositories. This review will follow the condition-context-population approach and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The extracted data will include any detail about the anatomic location, diagnosis, types of studies, and risk factors. The review will follow JBI methods of critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis for reviews containing prevalence data. If enough evidence is found, meta-regression analysis will performed, otherwise a narrative review will be completed.

Abstract:Introduction: Chronic pain is a persistent disease that causes personal and social economic problems when individuals are unable to return to work. Objective: This meta-synthesis investigated the perspectives of health professionals on the best mechanisms (triggering change) and approaches to support people with chronic pain on return to work. Method: Peer-reviewed articles published until October 2017 were searched in databases such as PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL and Pubmed. The search was based on three concepts: "chronic pain", "return to work" and "therapist". Six articles were analyzed. Meta-ethnography was used to synthesize data extracted from qualitative studies. Results: Five second-order interpretations were revealed: social interactions contribute to rehabilitation and can interrupt the return to work; inadequate coordination and excessive bureaucracy complicates the return to work; communication between worker and other stakeholders is critical for return to work; health professionals are not clear about their roles; the congruence between health professionals and the workers'perspectives and goals on return to work impacts the treatment and its outcomes. A posterior analysis produced two third-order syntheses: 1. the need for assertive communication to lay the groundwork for best practices; and 2. inadequate coordination in the current system complicates return to work in cases of chronic pain. Conclusion: Stakeholders and health professionals need to understand their roles and responsibilities to consistently set goals and action plans for return to work. Keywords: Chronic Pain, Return to Work, Health Personnel.Retorno bem-sucedido ao trabalho para indivíduos com dor crônica, segundo os profissionais de saúde: uma metassíntese Resumo: Introdução: Dor crônica é doença persistente que causa problemas econômicos, pessoais e sociais, quando indivíduos não conseguem voltar ao trabalho. Objetivo: Esta metassíntese investigou as perspectivas dos profissionais de saúde acerca dos melhores mecanismos (desencadeantes da mudança) e abordagens para apoiar trabalhadores com dor crônica, no retorno ao trabalho. Método: Artigos revisados por pares foram pesquisados em bases de dados, como PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL e Pubmed, publicados até outubro de 2017. As buscas empregaram três conceitos: "dor crônica", "retorno ao trabalho" e "terapeuta". Foram analisados seis artigos. Metaetnografia foi utilizada para sintetizar os dados extraídos de estudos qualitativos. Resultados: Foram reveladas cinco interpretações de segunda ordem: 1. as interações sociais contribuem para a reabilitação e podem interromper o retorno ao trabalho; 2. a coordenação inadequada e a burocracia excessiva complicam o retorno Successful return to work of individuals with chronic pain according to health care providers: a meta-synthesis

Production of this report is made possible by financial contributions from Health Canada and provincial and territorial governments. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of Health Canada or any provincial or territorial government.

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