The ideal fluid currently does not exist. Of existing options, use of hydroxyethyl starches and high chloride-containing crystalloid solutions should be discouraged. There is a lack of direct evidence that a balanced crystalloid solution confers benefit, however, the trend of recent data would support future investigation into the advantage of balanced solution over 0.9% saline.
ABSTRACT. The efficacy of anticancer agents significantly depends on the differential susceptibility of undifferentiated cancer cells and differentiated normal cells to undergo apoptosis. We previously found that enhanced expression of RPS3a/nbl, which apparently encodes a ribosomal protein, seems to prime cells for apoptosis, while suppressing such enhanced expression triggers cell death. The present study found that HL-60 cells induced to differentiate by all-trans retinoic acid did not undergo apoptosis following treatment with actinomycin D whereas undifferentiated HL-60 cells were highly apoptosis-susceptible, confirming earlier suggestions that differentiated cells have diminished apoptosis-susceptibility. Undifferentiated HL-60 cells highly expressed RPS3a/nbl whereas all-trans retinoic acid -induced differentiated cells exhibited markedly reduced levels, suggesting that apoptosis-resistance of differentiated cells could be due to low RPS3a/nbl expression.
Policy textbooks often overlook the importance of international borrowing in their accounts of the policy process. Analysis of feminist policy influence also tends to neglect the international dimension of the opportunity structure and the leverage provided by international agendas. In this article we tell the story of how the Women's Bureau, the first women’s unit in Australian government, came into being in the 1960s. This story encompasses the overseas modelling of such bureaux and the promotion of such models through international women’s organisations and their national affiliates. The international dimension has been inseparable from the development of women’s policy machinery in Australian government; the current disengagement from international standard setting coincides with the dismantling of domestic machinery, including the Women’s Bureau.
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