In 1998, Indonesia embarked on a journey to democracy. This journey involved the decentralization of education from 2002. The new school-based management (SBM) system required greater community and parental participation in schools—thereby, it was hoped, contributing to a deepening of democracy. Islamic schools ( madrasah) also adopted this policy reform. Here we present the findings of our research into community participation in madrasah in Indonesia. One of our principle findings, and concerns, is the low level of parental and community participation in madrasah governance. Parents feel they have no place in school governance or in teaching and learning. There is a concentration of power in the hands of principals, teachers and school founders (of private madrasah). In general, participation by teachers in madrasah governance is increasing. Also, there are examples of excellent madrasah, where the principals devolve power and responsibility to other teachers, cooperate with parents and community leaders, model exemplary behaviour and institutionalize a clear vision. The decentralization of education in Indonesia has not uniformly empowered citizens to become more involved in Islamic schools. The question remains how to extrapolate from practices at excellent madrasah to effectively articulate community enthusiasm for Islamic schooling and school governance nationwide.
This paper examines women's experience of domestic violence within marriage in Makassar, South Sulawesi. It analyses the meaning of marriage for men and women, the roles of men and women within marriage, shifts in marriage practices -particularly the shift from arranged to "love" marriage -and unequal gender positions within marriage. We discuss some salient issues in the "margins of marriage" in Indonesia: polygyny and constructions of masculinity that condone the practice of polygyny/affairs, and attitudes towards divorce, particularly for women. We then examine women's perception of the causes and triggers of domestic violence as revealed by fieldwork data, using the lens of women's agency. Our findings are that women perceive that their expressions of agency -for instance in challenging men's authority, moral righteousness and adequacy as breadwinners -are the most common triggers for male violence within marriage. Finally, we discuss the difficulty for women of escaping domestic violence, thereby getting some purchase on the relative capacity of women to resist, deflect or deal with the violence.
This quote from the World Bank is about Indonesia, and seems an accurate description of the situation in Indonesia, but in fact we know very little about environmental values and awareness in Indonesia. There are almost no statistical data on perceptions of the environment or of environmental awareness in Indonesia. Given the many urgent environmental problems in Indonesia, this lacuna is quite serious. The research reported on in this paper is one of the outcomes of a large research project which aimed to see how education could help develop environmental awareness in Indonesia. 1 10 The structure of the Indonesian education system is described in (Jackson & Parker 2008).
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