Using a social reproduction framework, this article explores how reproduction of rural working class households is rearticulated to capitalist production in India. Our analysis of the conditions in India reveals that the interaction of three institutions-market, state, and household-has imposed the burden of reproduction on women. In turn, women's work is dependent on private and common lands. This link, between the role of women's unpaid labour in reproducing rural households and the fact that this work remains largely dependent on land, constitutes a failure of the Indian economy to provide decent livelihoods. It also reasserts gender equity as a contemporary and unresolved question in the midst of India's agrarian transition and underscores the importance of instituting agrarian reforms and state intervention at levels sufficient for social reproduction.

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The responses of many low-and middle-income households to Covid-19 in Africa were mediated by the state through various means including direct cash transfers, food distribution, and distribution of rural agricultural produce to urban areas, in response to the social reproduction crisis that the pandemic precipitated. Taking the relationship between the state and household as its focus, this article reflects on the social and political questions emerging at the conjuncture of social provisioning and economic collapse. Central to these concerns is the structure of care economies in Africa and their relationship to the capitalist state. RÉSUMÉ En Afrique, l'état a joué un rôle important dans la réponse à la pandémie de Covid-19 de nombreux foyers à faibles ou moyens revenus, employant diverses méthodes telles que les virements directs en espèces, la distribution de nourriture, et la distribution de produits de l'agriculture rurale dans les régions urbaines. Cette intervention de l'état avait pour but de répondre à la crise de la reproduction sociale accélérée par la pandémie. Cet article présente une analyse de la relation entre l'état et les foyers, et se penche sur les problématiques sociales et politiques qui émergent à la conjoncture du dispositif social et de l'effondrement économique. La question du fonctionnement des économies des soins en Afrique et de leur relation à l'état capitaliste est centrale dans cette discussion.

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