Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of gemfibrozil were developed under Quality by Design approach for improvement of dissolution and oral absorption. Preliminary screening was performed to select proper components combination. Box-Behnken experimental design was employed as statistical tool to optimize the formulation variables, X1 (Cremophor® EL), X2 (Capmul® MCM -C8), and X3 (lemon essential oil). Systems were assessed for visual characteristics (emulsification efficacy), turbidity, droplet size, polydispersity index and drug release. Different pH media were also assayed for optimization. Following optimization, the values of formulation components (X1, X2, and X3) were 32. 43%, 29.73% and 21.62 %, respectively (16.22% of gemfibrozil). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated spherical droplet morphology. SNEEDS release study was compared to commercial tablets. Optimized SNEDDS formulation of gemfibrozil showed a significant increase in dissolution rate compared to conventional tablets. Both formulations followed Weibull mathematical model release with a significant difference in td parameter in favour of the SNEDDS. Equally amodelistic parameters were calculated being the dissolution efficiency significantly higher for SNEDDS, confirming that the developed SNEDDS formulation was superior to commercial formulation with respect to in vitro dissolution profile. This paper provides an overview of the SNEDDS of the gemfibrozil as a promising alternative to improve oral absorption. She is an expert in nanotechnology (colloids and nanoparticles) with a wide experience. She has extensive curriculum of published paper about this subject Jose Luis Arias Mediano Ph. D. Professor reseracher, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Granada jlarias@ugr.es He is an expert in nanotechnology (colloids and nanoparticles) with a wide experience in this type of investigation. Also is reviewer in specialized pharmaceutical journal. He is an expert in nanotechnology (colloids and nanoparticles) with a wide experience in this type of investigation. Also is reviewer of Pharmaceutical science journals. IJP AUTHOR CHECKLISTDear Author, It frequently happens that on receipt of an article for publication, we find that certain elements of the manuscript, or related information, is missing. This is regrettable of course since it means there will be a delay in processing the article while we obtain the missing details.In order to avoid such delays in the publication of your article, if accepted, could you please run through the list of items below and make sure you have completed the items. Overall Manuscript Electronic artwork format? ---------------------------------------------------TIFF

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Efficient topical delivery of imidazolic antifungals faces the challenge of overcoming its limited water solubility and its required long-lasting duration of treatments. In this paper, a hydrophilic multiple emulsion (ME) of Bifonazole (BFZ) is shown to maximize its skin retention, minimize its skin permeation, and maintain an acceptable level of being harmless in vivo. The formulations were pharmaceutically characterized and application properties were assessed based on viscosity measurements. Non-Newtonian pseudoplastic shear thinning with apparent thixotropy was observed, facilitating the formulation retention over the skin. The in vitro release profile with vertical diffusion cells showed a predominant square-root release kinetic suggesting an infinite dose depletion from the formulation. Ex vivo human skin permeation and penetration was additionally evaluated. Respective skin permeation was lower than values obtained with a commercial O/W formulation. The combination of amphoteric and non-ionic surfactants increased the bifonazole epidermal accumulation by a factor of twenty. This fact makes the possibility of increasing its current 24 h administration frequency more likely. Eventual alterations of skin integrity caused by the formulations were examined with epidermal histological analysis and in vivo preclinical measurements of skin elasticity and water retrograde permeation. Histological analysis demonstrated that the multiple emulsions were harmless. Additionally, modifications of in vivo skin integrity descriptors were considered as negligible.

HIGHLIGHTSA spectrofluorometric method has been developed for the determination of gemfibrozil.The method is based on the excitation and emission capacities of gemfibrozil.This method allows de determination of the drug in SNEDDS.Results showed linear relationships, low limits of LOD and LOQ with good robustness. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTValidated spectofluorometric method for determination of gemfibrozil in self nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) Article history: ABSTRACT A spectrofluorometric method has been developed and validated for the determination of gemfibrozil. The method is based on the excitation and emission capacities of gemfibrozil with excitation and emission wavelengths of 276 and 304 nm respectively. This method allows de determination of the drug in a selfnanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for improve its intestinal absorption. Results obtained showed linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (r 2 > 0.999) and low limits of detection and quantification (LOD of 0.075 μg mL −1 and LOQ of 0.226 μg mL −1 ) in the range of 0.2-5 μg mL −1 , equally this method showed a good robustness and stability. Thus the amounts of gemfibrozil released from SNEDDS contained in gastro resistant hard gelatine capsules were analysed, and release studies could be performed satisfactorily.

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Resumen Las prácticas son un periodo en el que el estudiante toma contacto con la realidad profesional y tiene la oportunidad de desarrollar y adquirir competencias generales y profesionales. La finalidad del estudio que se presenta es conocer el grado de adquisición de competencias por parte de los alumnos del Grado en Pedagogía durante las prácticas externas. Se trata de un análisis de casos de tipo preexperimental y el instrumento utilizado ha sido una escala de evaluación, a partir de la cual, se han analizado y comparado las valoraciones que emiten los tutores de prácticas y la autoevaluación que realizan los estudiantes. Podemos concluir que la percepción manifestada por el alumnado sobre las competencias adquiridas es menos positiva que la manifestada por los tutores profesionales, siendo más críticos cuando se les plantean aspectos como la cantidad y calidad de las tareas desarrolladas, la competencia técnica adquirida o la capacidad de aprendizaje. Palabras clave: Evaluación de competencias. Formación práctica. Educación superior.