The increasing demand for water with the industrialisation of the world is becoming a major problem as there is a water shortage all over the earth. Therefore, the water problem is one of the important problems that need to be effectively solved. This paper presents the results of research on wastewater treatment of bitumen production in the Mangystau region, which after physical and chemical treatment methods is sent to natural evaporation fields. As a result of research work, a method of wastewater treatment of bitumen plant was developed, which includes two stages: distillation of water on the solar plant and ozonation in order to oxidize volatile organic matter. Distillation to obtain primary treated water of 70-75% volume was carried out at 33-37 ℃ ambient temperature and 15-30 kPa rarefaction, at the same time COD of water was reduced by 68%.
The dynamics and level of pollution of the wastewater evaporator pond of the bitumen plant were studied in 2018-2019. The chemical composition of the waste water (WW) pond was determined by 8 indicators. The average annual indicators of the studied harmful substances in the water exceeded the permissible level from 1.1 to 21.9 times. At the same time, exceeding standards were registered for substances of 3 and 4 hazard classes: total iron - up to 2.8 times, petroleum products - up to 1.7 times. The content of anionic surface active agents (SAA) in the evaporator pond with an average degree of oxidation was recorded in excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by 2.0 times, 2.13 times, and 2.32 times on average over the years at points 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average values of biochemical oxigen demand/chemical oxigen demand (BOD5/COD) for 2018-2019 were as follows for the studied points of the evaporator pond: at point 1 (water outlet) - 0.215, at point 2 (South-Eastern part) - 0.195, at point 3 in the area of the sand massif - 0.21, and under the condition of BOD5/COD<0.5 it means that the WW is over by resistant to oxidation compounds. This requires accelerating the evaporation process. A heliotechnical system of translucent coverings has been developed and offered for intensifying the evaporation process and isolating harmful substances from contacts with the biosphere. This system is environmentally and economically feasible.
In the hot climate of the Mangistau region, located on the eastern coast of the Caspian, there are no sources of freshwater. Of the available groundwater deposits, only three are suitable for drinking water supply. The scarcity is felt in remote areas and coastal areas, where the population uses groundwater. The provision of the population is carried out by a seawater desalination plant. In the hot summer period, due to high temperatures, the productivity of desalination plants decreases (the water in the channels reaches 30 °C, and the plants are designed for 20 °C). This factor provides opportunities for the development of desalination plants using this heliopotential. Easy to manufacture, environmentally and economically viable solar desalination plants are essential for coastal areas where water is scarce. The article presents the results of experimental studies of the heliosystem, which consists of a passive solar water heater (SWH) and an active solar desalination plant (SW). Water is heated in the SWH pool and supplied to the lower SW pool-1, in which the desalination process is achieved by cooling the water pool-2. By reducing the temperature in the SW volume, the condensation temperature is reached. The coating of 2 layers of glass with an air gap reduces heat losses and raises the temperature in the installations by 10–12 °C and keeps it at night. Horizontal glass coverings provide a large area for solar radiation to enter the pool surface. Heat transfer by convection, in the volume between the "cold" and "hot" basins, is determined using the convection coefficient, which depends on the product of the numbers Gr and Pr. According to the results of experiments, the daily productivity of the desalter was 1.97, 1.83 and 2.31 l/m 2 on the day of July 20, 21 and 22, 2019. The maximum value of the total heat transfer coefficient for SVN was 32.9 W/m 2 °C, for SW 49.4 W/m 2 °C.
The article considers the influence of oil-containing wastewater generated from industrial enterprises located on the coast of the Caspian Sea, through underground drains on the groundwater and sea water of the Caspian Sea coast within the Mangistau region, the content of controlled pollutants in the studied samples is given. To determine the dynamics of changes in the level of harmful substances in underground and surface waters, 3 production facilities engaged in oil production and processing, located at different distances from the sea, were selected.Two of them are located on the seashore, one object is located 8 km from the Caspian Sea. In 3 studied objects, wastewater that has been treated is discharged into the reservoir. The work consisted in studying the production area, monitoring the level and temperature of underground and surface waters and conducting laboratory analysis of the content of polluting components in the water using marine stations and hydrogeological observation wells located in the study area. For marine waters in the vicinity of the Karazhanbas field was observed deviations from the concentrations of oil content and iron, the oscillation of the norm of certain substances in groundwater due to the fact that the underground water of the region in the area belong to the province of underground water with high concentration of heavy metals and organic substances and are of chloride-sulfate chemical composition.
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