Both passive and active restoration are limited by diaspore arrival from neighboring sources. Surrounding landscape is thus important for restoration success in fragmented landscapes, where reforestation, for long periods, may be limited to the planted species pool. We sampled woody species regeneration in 17 reforestation sites in Southern Brazil to investigate the effects of distance to seed sources and amount of remaining nearby Atlantic Forest habitat. The abundance and species richness of regenerating plants were explained by multiple regressions performed using plantation age and species richness, distance to the nearest patch, and surrounding habitat. Distance to the nearest forest remnant, through both the matrix in a straight line and riparian vegetation, was the best predictor of species richness and abundance of regenerating plants. Riparian corridors doubled the distance at which forest remnants influenced restoration sites. However, the area of forest remnants in the site neighborhood did not influence regeneration diversity, suggesting that the quality of both the seed source (including the status of seed dispersing fauna) and reforestation environment for the establishment of forest species should be investigated.
Hedgerows are linear structures found in agricultural landscapes that may facilitate dispersal of plants and animals and also serve as habitat. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among diversity and ecological traits of woody plants, hedgerow characteristics (size, age, and origin), and the structure of the surrounding Atlantic Forest landscape. Field data were collected from 14 hedgerows, and landscape metrics from 1000-m buffers surrounding hedgerows were recorded from a thematic map. In all sampled hedgerows, arboreal species were predominantly zoochoric and early-succession species, and hedgerow width was an important factor explaining the richness and abundance of this group of species. Connection with forest vegetation did not explain richness and abundance of animal-dispersed species, but richness of non-zoochoric species increased in more connected hedgerows. These results suggest that hedgerows are probably colonized by species arriving from nearby early-succession sites, forest fragment edges, and isolated trees in the matrix. Nonetheless, hedgerows provide resources for frugivorous animals and influence landscape connectivity, highlighting the importance of these elements in the conservation of biodiversity in fragmented and rural landscapes.
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