Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming increasingly popular and experienced a high growth all over the world. A medicinal plant, Swertia chirata, has been widely use as herbal medicine in Asian countries and some parts of the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial property of Swertia chirata. Plants were extracted using ethanol. Disc diffusion technique was used to determine antimicrobial activity. Crude extraction of whole plant showed significant antimicrobial activities against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Test materials at a concentration of 100 µg disc-1 were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and 30 µg disc-1 concentration of Chloramphenicol was used as positive control. Zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella arizonae were 10mm, 6mm, 9mm and 7mm respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the crude extract was determined by serial dilution technique which showed 128 µg/ml, 64 µg/ml, 128 µg/ml and 128 µg/ml respectively. Although the results obtained revealed inhibition against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria, a further study need to be carried out to detect the active compounds of this highly potent plant. Moreover, problems of drug resistance leading to recurrent infections highlight a need to search for new compounds for treatment of microbial infections. Hence, Swertia chirata which possesses antimicrobial activity, hope will complement if not replace a standard antimicrobial drug that will be of benefits to the health of the mankind.
Tazocin showed good ocular penetration and was effective in treatment of Pseudomonas induced keratitis in rabbits.
Aims: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial respiratory pathogen that can lead to invasive diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. The interaction of S. pneumoniae with host respiratory epithelial cells is crucial in the colonization of human respiratory tract and involve in the virulence. The aim of the study is to investigate the adherence of S. pneumoniae and the effect of serotypic variation on neuraminidase genes (NanA and NanB) after interaction of A549 human lung epithelial cells with S. pneumoniae serotypes. Methodology and results: Six different serotypes of S. pneumoniae were used (1, 3, 5, 19F, 23F, and 14). A549 human lung epithelial cells were inoculated with pneumococcal strains of different serotype for 3 hours. The number of adherent bacteria was determined by serial dilution followed by spread plate technique on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Bacterial RNA was harvested from the infected A549 cells. The differential expression level of neuraminidases was observed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Based on bacterial adherence assay, serotype 14 showed highest adherence, meanwhile, serotype 23F showed lowest adherence. This suggests that serotype 14 has a better affinity to adhere to A549 cells as compared to serotype 23F. Higher NanA gene expression was observed in serotype 5, 23F and 19F, while lower expression in serotype 14. In contrast, NanB gene shows low-level expression in serotype 23F and 19F, while higher expression in serotype 14. This postulates that NanA and NanB gene may have different functions in the pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Our finding on differential expression of neuraminidase gene of S. pneumoniae of various serotypes on A549 cells might give a better understanding of host pathogen interaction between bacteria serotypes and host cell.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming increasingly popular and experienced a high growth all over the world. A medicinal plant, Swertia chirata, has been widely use as herbal medicine in Asian countries and some parts of the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial property of Swertia chirata. Plants were extracted using ethanol. Disc diffusion technique was used to detect antimicrobial activity. Crude extraction of whole plant showed significant antimicrobial activities against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Test materials at a concentration of 100 µg disc -1 were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and 30 µg disc -1 concentration of Kanamycin was used as positive control. Zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 10mm and 8mm respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the crude extract was determined by serial dilution technique which showed 64 µg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 128 µg/ml for Escherichia coli. Although the results obtained revealed inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus & some Gram-positive & negative bacteria, a further study need to be carried out to detect the active compounds of this highly potent plant. Moreover, problems of drug resistance leading to recurrent infections highlight a need to search for new compounds for treatment of microbial infections. Hence, Swertia chirata which possesses antimicrobial activity, hope will complement if not replace a standard antimicrobial drugs that will be of benefits to the health of the mankind.
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