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SUMMARYReproductive biology knowledge of species is essential for in situ conservation, propagation and breeding. Consequently, we describe the first detailed phenology of Nothofagus alpina, mentioned until now only in general terms, and provide the morphological description of the male and female flowers. The study was conducted in 2011 in the Clonal Seed Orchard "Huillilemu" located in the locality of San José Mariquina, Region Los Ríos, Chile, at 23 meters of altitude. Observations were made in six clones of the orchard. The phenology model proposed presents ten states from the leaf bud in latency to the initial fruit. The first phenophase characterizes the leaf bud state in rest, while the second shows the morphological changes associated with getting out of dormancy. Five states described below develop male flowers and female inflorescences that appear later. The fall of male flowers mark the transition status into the female flower. The last two phenological stages describe the initial infructescence and development of the dome, respectively. These changes took place over a period of 58 days in individuals with early budding and in 40 days in late budding individuals with accumulated heat requirement of 560-623 GDD. The start date break was related to the altitudinal origin of trees, suggesting a genetic control of this feature. The overall overlap rate of flowering was calculated by 0.22, indicating low reproductive synchrony among analyzed individuals.Key words: characterization morphology, reproduction, dichogamy, overlapping index, flowering. RESUMENEl conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de las especies, es fundamental para la conservación in situ, reproducción y mejoramiento genético. Por ello, se describe por primera vez la fenología detallada de Nothofagus alpina, hasta ahora mencionada sólo de forma general y se presenta la descripción morfológica de las flores masculinas y femeninas. El estudio se realizó durante el año 2011, en el huerto semillero clonal "Huillilemu", ubicado en la comuna San José de la Mariquina, región de Los Ríos, Chile, a una altitud de 23 m snm. Las observaciones se realizaron en seis clones del huerto. El modelo fenológico propuesto, presenta 10 estados, desde la yema en latencia hasta el fruto inicial. El primer estado caracteriza a la yema en reposo, mientras que el segundo, ilustra los cambios morfológicos asociados a la salida del reposo. Cinco estados describen a continuación, el desarrollo de las flores masculinas y de las inflorescencias femeninas, que aparecen después de estas. La caída de las flores masculinas, marca en la flor femenina la transición al estado de fruto. Los dos últimos estados fenológicos, describen la infrutescencia inicial y desarrollo de la cúpula, respectivamente. Estos cambios se desarrollaron durante un lapso de 58 días, en los individuos con brotación temprana y en 40 días en los individuos con brotación tardía, con requerimiento de calor acumulado de 560 a 623 grados días de desarrollo. La fecha de inicio de la brotación, está relacion...

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Long-term pollen storage is important so that producers and breeders may be able to utilise stored pollen to cross individuals that bloom at different times or in different places. The objective of the current study was to determine the moisture content and optimal temperature for the storage of Nothofagus alpina (P. et E.) Oerst pollen. Pollen samples used for this study were obtained from established trees at the 'Huillilemu' clonal seed orchard, located in the commune of San José de la Mariquina, in southwestern Chile. Pollen extraction was conducted by placing it in a climatic chamber (25°C and 50% relative humidity) for 24 hours. The obtained pollen was subjected to various drying times and stored at three temperatures: 4°C; -13°C; and -80°C. Longevity of pollen stored at 4°C and -13°Cwas short, although it was possible to increase longevity by storing it at -80°C.

The species of Scolytinae subfamily have a worldwide distribution, and are found mainly in the Neo-tropic regions. They usually dominate the communities of wood borer insects. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity among Scolytinae species associated with balsa, teak, rubber and gamhar plantations located in the humid tropical zone of the Ecuadorian littoral. In each plantation seven flight interception traps containing an ethanol / gel mixture were installed, with a collection frequency of 15 days for three months in the dry period. A total of 1437 specimens were collected, represented by Xyleborini, Cryphalini, Corthylini and Ipini tribes. In the four plantations, 18 species of Scolitids were collected, of which 16 were recorded in the balsa plantation, while in the other plantations 10 to 12 species were found. The most abundant Scolitids were Hypothenemus spp., Corthylus spp., Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborinus bicornatulus and Premnobium cavipennis. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher in the balsa culture (H’= 2.37) and lower in Teak (H’= 1.57). The Jaccard similarity index was higher among the teak and rubber plantations (Cj = 0.9090) while the balsa plantation obtained less similarity with respect to the other three plantations. The greatest diversity of Scolitids was recorded in the balsa plantation, which is a native species, unlike the other forest species, which are exotic, indicating that the diversity would be influenced by the host tree and the location where they are found.

RESUMENEn Ecuador la calidad y cantidad de la información sobre suelos es puntual, requiriéndose información más amplia que sirva para la toma de decisiones en los procesos de producción forestal y agrícola. Este trabajo analiza las características de los suelos de origen volcánico, desde las tierras altas de la Sierra hasta las tierras bajas tropicales de la región Litoral, a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal, con el fin de contribuir a una síntesis que permita identificar el conocimiento disponible y la necesidad de estudios para completar la información. Fueron seleccionados 7 suelos, distribuidos a lo ancho de Ecuador, de acuerdo con la variación climática, manteniéndose en general el origen del material. El clima es el factor más importante que influye en el desarrollo del suelo, relacionado a la altitud, aunque también la distancia a los volcanes constituye un factor importante, en especial en los cambios texturales. La oferta nutritiva está ligada a las variaciones altitudinales y a la textura del suelo. Los suelos de la Región Sierra son más arenosos, menos evolucionados, presentan mayores reservas minerales pero son más ácidos que los del Litoral, debido a que presentan mayor cantidad de materia orgánica acumulada, producto del clima frío, y una consecuente menor suma de bases y mayor nivel de aluminio de intercambio. Palabras-clave: suelos volcánicos, Cordillera de los Andes, textura, clima Soil characterization along an altitudinal gradient in Ecuador ABSTRACTIn Ecuador, the quality and quantity of information of both climate and soils is very general, so greater precision for decision making processes is required in forest and agricultural production. This review examines the characteristics of volcanic soils from Ecuador, along an altitudinal gradient. Soils were analyzed in seven locations, including sites in the Coastal and Sierra regions. These sites were selected trying to include places with contrasting weather conditions but maintaining similar soil parent material. It was concluded that the climate is the most important factor that influences soil development, which is related to altitude, although the distance from the volcanoes is an important factor, especially in textural changes. The nutrient supply is linked to changes in altitude and soil texture. The soils of the Sierra region are younger, richer in sand and silt, and accumulate more organic matter due to the colder climate, but are also more acidic, poorer in exchangeable bases and higher in aluminum.

T he species of Scolytinae subfamily have a worldwide distribution, and are found mainly in the Neo-tropic regions. They usually dominate the communities of wood borer insects. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity among Scolytinae species associated with balsa, teak, rubber and gamhar plantations located in the humid tropical zone of the Ecuadorian littoral. In each plantation seven flight interception traps containing an ethanol / gel mixture were installed, with a collection frequency of 15 days for three months in the dry period. A total of 1437 specimens were collected, represented by Xyleborini, Cryphalini, Corthylini and Ipini tribes. In the four plantations, 18 species of Scolitids were collected, of which 16 were recorded in the balsa plantation, while in the other plantations 10 to 12 species were found. The most abundant Scolitids were Hypothenemus spp., Corthylus spp., Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborinus bicornatulus and Premnobium cavipennis. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher in the balsa culture (H'= 2.37) and lower in Teak (H'= 1.57). The Jaccard similarity index was higher among the teak and rubber plantations (Cj = 0.9090) while the balsa plantation obtained less similarity with respect to the other three plantations. The greatest diversity of Scolitids was recorded in the balsa plantation, which is a native species, unlike the other forest species, which are exotic, indicating that the diversity would be influenced by the host tree and the location where they are found.Key words: Scolitids, diversity, balsa, teak, Ecuador, gamhar, rubber. ResumenL as especies de la subfamilia Scolytinae tienen una distribución global, abundan principalmente en el Neo trópico y dominan usualmente las comunidades de insectos barrenadores de la madera. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la diversidad de las especies Scolytinae asociadas a plantaciones de balsa, teca, caucho y melina, en la zona tropical húmeda del litoral ecuatoriano. En cada plantación se instalaron siete trampas de interceptación de vuelo conteniendo una mezcla de etanol/gel, con una frecuencia de recolección de 15 días durante tres meses en el periodo seco. En total se recolectaron 1437 especímenes, representados por las tribus Xyleborini, Cryphalini, Corthylini e Ipini. En las cuatro plantaciones se colectaron 18 especies de escolítinos, de las cuales, 16 se registraron en la plantación de balsa, mientras que en las otras plantaciones se encontraron entre 10 y 12 especies. Los escolítinos con mayor abundancia fueron Hypothenemus spp., Corthylus spp., Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborinus bicornatulus y Premnobium cavipennis. El índice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener fue mayor en el cultivo de balsa (H´=2.37) y menor en teca (H´= 1.57). El índice de similitud de Jaccard fue mayor entre las plantaciones de teca y caucho (Cj= 0,9090) mientras que la balsa obtuvo menor similitud con respecto a las tres plantaciones. La mayor diversidad de escolítinos se registró en la plantación de balsa, que es una espec...