The ancestry of the Colombian population comprises a large number of well differentiated Native communities belonging to diverse linguistic groups. In the late fifteenth century, a process of admixture was initiated with the arrival of the Europeans, and several years later, Africans also became part of the Colombian population. Therefore, the genepool of the current Colombian population results from the admixture of Native Americans, Europeans and Africans. This admixture occurred differently in each region of the country, producing a clearly stratified population. Considering the importance of population substructure in both clinical and forensic genetics, we sought to investigate and compare patterns of genetic ancestry in Colombia by studying samples from Native and non-Native populations living in its 5 continental regions: the Andes, Caribe, Amazonia, Orinoquía, and Pacific regions. For this purpose, 46 AIM-Indels were genotyped in 761 non-related individuals from current populations. Previously published genotype data from 214 Colombian Natives from five communities were used for population comparisons. Significant differences were observed between Native and non-Native populations, among non-Native populations from different regions and among Native populations from different ethnic groups. The Pacific was the region with the highest African ancestry, Amazonia harboured the highest Native ancestry and the Andean and Orinoquían regions showed the highest proportion of European ancestry. The Andean region was further sub-divided into 6 sub-regions: North East, Central West, Central East, West, South West and South East. Among these regions, the South West region showed a significantly lower European admixture than the other regions. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and variance values of ancestry among individuals within populations showed a potential stratification of the Pacific population.

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Introducción. A diferencia de otro tipo de investigaciones, el análisis de ADN antiguo (ADNa) requiere la implementación de condiciones metodológicas y de infraestructura especializadas que garanticen la autenticidad de los resultados. Uno de los criterios de autenticidad para este tipo de muestras es la cuantificación del material genético, en la cual es común el uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) cuantitativa en tiempo real, por su sensibilidad y especificidad. La implementación de estas metodologías y de las condiciones necesarias para el cumplimiento de los requisitos de autenticidad hace que este tipo de investigación sea dispendioso y costoso. Objetivo. Generar una estrategia de cuantificación del ADN mitocondrial de muestras seriamente degradadas mediante un sistema sencillo y de fácil implementación. Materiales y métodos. El sistema se basa en el uso de iniciadores que posibilitan la amplificación específica de fragmentos cortos del ADN mitocondrial. La posterior purificación de este fragmento permite generar una curva estándar con concentraciones acordes al estado de degradación de la muestra. Resultados. Se detectó ADN antiguo proveniente de restos óseos y tejidos momificados de diferentes fechas. Además, el sistema permitió detectar la presencia de agentes inhibidores del ADN. Conclusión. La implementación de la estrategia aquí planteada es sencilla, puede reducir los costos de la investigación y, además, permite la detección de ADNa en muestras muy degradadas, así como la discriminación entre las muestras que no poseen material genético y aquellas que presentan agentes inhibidores.Palabras clave: ADN, ADN mitocondrial, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v36i3.3098Real-time quantification to analyze historical Colombian samples detecting a short fragment of hypervariable region II of mitochondrial DNA Introduction: Unlike other molecular biology studies, the analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) requires special infrastructure and methodological conditions to guarantee the quality of the results. One of the main authenticity criteria is DNA quantification, where quantitative real-time PCR is often used given its sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, the implementation of these conditions and methodologies to fulfill authenticity criteria imply higher costs. Objective: To develop a simple and less costly method for mitochondrial DNA quantification suitable for highly degraded samples. Materials and methods:The proposed method is based on the use of mini-primers for the specific amplification of short fragments of mitochondrial DNA. The subsequent purification of these amplified fragments allows a standard curve to be constructed with concentrations in accordance to the state of degradation of the samples. Results: The proposed method successfully detected DNA from ancient samples including bone remains and mummified tissue. DNA inhibitory substances were also detected. Conclusion:The proposed method represents a simpler and cost-effective way to...

Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), is intensively cultured in Chile. An increasing proportion of the eggs necessary to sustain the culture are locally produced by some hatcheries. However, there is no information about the origin or the genetic variability in these strains. The present study analysed allozymic variability and its distribution within and between some commercial strains of coho salmon in southern Chile. The genetic variability was estimated using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Samples of coho salmon were obtained randomly from four Chilean hatcheries. Twenty‐five enzymatic systems were examined, representing 51 enzymatic loci. Eight loci showed variability in at least one strain, which represented a total polymorphism (P) of 15.7%. Only the PGM‐1* locus was variable in all strains. The remaining loci were fixed in at least one strain. Total heterozygosity (HT) and within population heterozygosity (HS) were 0.35% and 0.36% respectively. The index of genetic diversity (GST) was 1.5%. The results confirm previous reports of low genetic variability in cultured strains of coho salmon in Chile, below that observed in their native range, which suggests loss of the genetic variability caused by genetic drift or other causes in these strains.

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