The ancestry of the Colombian population comprises a large number of well differentiated Native communities belonging to diverse linguistic groups. In the late fifteenth century, a process of admixture was initiated with the arrival of the Europeans, and several years later, Africans also became part of the Colombian population. Therefore, the genepool of the current Colombian population results from the admixture of Native Americans, Europeans and Africans. This admixture occurred differently in each region of the country, producing a clearly stratified population. Considering the importance of population substructure in both clinical and forensic genetics, we sought to investigate and compare patterns of genetic ancestry in Colombia by studying samples from Native and non-Native populations living in its 5 continental regions: the Andes, Caribe, Amazonia, Orinoquía, and Pacific regions. For this purpose, 46 AIM-Indels were genotyped in 761 non-related individuals from current populations. Previously published genotype data from 214 Colombian Natives from five communities were used for population comparisons. Significant differences were observed between Native and non-Native populations, among non-Native populations from different regions and among Native populations from different ethnic groups. The Pacific was the region with the highest African ancestry, Amazonia harboured the highest Native ancestry and the Andean and Orinoquían regions showed the highest proportion of European ancestry. The Andean region was further sub-divided into 6 sub-regions: North East, Central West, Central East, West, South West and South East. Among these regions, the South West region showed a significantly lower European admixture than the other regions. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and variance values of ancestry among individuals within populations showed a potential stratification of the Pacific population.
The current Colombian population is the result of genetic admixture between Native Americans, Europeans and Africans. Around 82% of the population is considered admixed, 15% are Afro-Colombians and just 3% are Native Americans. There are about 81 native groups in Colombia. In this work, a sample of 121 non-related individuals from three Native American groups were analysed for 46 ancestry informative InDel markers. One of these groups was the Pijaos that, because of their combative nature, was almost exterminated during European conquest and colonial times. The other two studied groups belong to communities that have been less subjected to admixture with non-Natives. The Barí, known as "Motilones" or "Dobukubi", is a Native group that inhabits the Serranía del Perija, Norte de Santander, since pre-Colombian times. They still keep their original language, the Barí-ara, which belongs to the Chibcha family. We have also studied a sample of Natives from Guainía, formed by different groups that migrated from the Amazonia and Orinoquian regions, including the Desana, Curripaco, Puinave, Cubeo, Guaunano and Tucano, all belonging to Tucano and Arawak linguistic groups. This study allow determining genotypic and allelic frequencies for 46 ancestry informative InDels and to estimate Native American, European and African admixture proportions in three Colombian native communities. The results showed a very low European and African admixture in the Barí and Guainia native groups in contrast to the high levels of admixture presented by the Pijao.
RESUMEN Objetivos Establecer la prevalencia de prácticas sexuales de riesgo en Colombia y su relación con características sociodemográficas en población adulta. Métodos Estudio de fuente secundaria basada en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 29 760 personas entre 18 y 69 años, seleccionada con un muestreo probabilístico, por conglomerados, estratificado y polietápico. Resultados Se encontró una alta prevalencia de prácticas sexuales de riesgo en la población colombiana, en cuanto al número de parejas sexuales, uso de preservativo en las relaciones sexuales y consumo de bebidas alcohólicas o drogas durante estas, principalmente en hombres, en solteros, en rango de edad entre 18 y 24 años, y en personas sin afiliación a seguridad social. Conclusiones El estudio señala como grupo de mayor riesgo a los hombres jóvenes y resalta la importancia de tener en cuenta en los programas de promoción de la salud sexual y reproductiva aspectos como la influencia de determinantes culturales que privilegian el "machismo" y la promiscuidad, así como la baja percepción de riesgo hacia las ITS/VIH en parejas estables.
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