Catalytic C‒H functionalization has become a powerful strategy in organic synthesis due to the improved atom-, step- and resource economy in comparison with cross-coupling or classical organic functional group transformations. Despite the significant advances in the metal-catalyzed C‒H activations, recent developments in the field of metallaphotoredox catalysis enabled C‒H functionalizations with unique reaction pathways under mild reaction conditions. Given the relative earth-abundance and cost-effective nature, nickel catalysts for photoredox C‒H functionalization have received significant attention. In this review, we highlight the developments in the field of photoredox nickel-catalyzed C‒H functionalization reactions with a range of applications until summer 2021.
Rhodium-catalyzed CÀ H activation has emerged as a powerful tool for forging CÀ C and C-heteroatom bonds. Nevertheless, the requirement of stoichiometric chemical oxidants for oxidative transformations significantly hampered the overall sustainability of the CÀ H activation transformations. The emergence of merging transition metal catalysis and electrochemistry, called metalla-electrocatalysis provides an excellent opportunity to construct organic molecules efficiently and sustainably. This review highlights the recent developments of rhodium-catalyzed electrochemical CÀ H activation transformations, challenges and opportunities for future developments.
The continuous interest in photochemistry and its applications toward organic synthesis has increased exponentially in the last decade, owing to its efficiency and effectiveness. In particular, the merger of photoredox catalysis and transition metal catalysis, called metallaphotoredox catalysis, has become a powerful tool for CC and C–heteroatom bonds formation reactions. Numerous metallaphotoredox synthetic strategies have emerged in recent years using various transition metal catalysts such as palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, nickel, and copper, given the widespread popularity to these reactions. The present article highlights recent developments in the field of photoinduced copper‐catalyzed CH functionalization reactions.
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