− Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract (GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.

Atherosclerosis as one of the causes of cardiovascular disease will induce endothelial dysfunction and platelet aggregation. Mangostin peel extract (MPE) contains xanthones which have antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, anti-aggregation, and anti-inflammatory in preventing and inhibiting atherosclerosis. In this research, MPE was evaluated the xanthones quantitative based on standard xanthone compounds using High Liquid Performance Chromatography (HPLC) method and tested anti-aggregation platelet activity and ABTS+ 2,2-Azinobis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium (ABTS)-reducing activity. The anti-aggregation platelet using agonist namely adenosine diphosphate inducer (ADP), collagen (COLL), and epinephrine (EPN). Quantification of MPE using four xanthones compound as a marker, showed that MPE contained α-mangostin 105 ppm, γ-mangostin 7.20 ppm, 9.92 ppm Gar-C, and Gar-D 3.50 ppm. MPE and xathones had high ABTS-reducing activity and the most active was, α-mangostin with IC50 2.348 µg/ml. α-mangostin and γ-mangostin had anti-aggregation activity on EPN inducer were comparable with aspirin. MPE and xathones had no anti-aggregation activity on COLL and ADP inducer. MPE contain xathones including α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, Garcinone-C and Garcinone-D. MPE and xanthones have high ABTSreducing activity. MPE, α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, Garcinone-D decrease EPN-induced aggregation platelet. α-mangostin, γ-mangostin were the most active antia-ggregation and antioxidant activities.

Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) peel extract has widely used in the pharmaceutical field due to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immunity boost properties. It had been proofed to be able to prevent and reduce the amount of plaque and cure gingivitis. This study was aimed to compare mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5 and 25% on the mouse gingival inflammation healing process. Methods: This study was a true experimental laboratory study. The subjects consisted of 28 mice divided into four groups, which were negative control (Aquadest) group; positive control (0.2% of Chlorhexidine) group; 12.5% Group of mangosteen peel extract group; and 25% respectively. Examination of the inflammatory healing process was observed every 2 hours during 6 hours, and the inflammatory measurements of mouse gingival performed by using calipers. Data obtained was analyzed with the one-way ANOVA test (α=0.05) and the Tukey's range test. Results: The results from the one-way ANOVA test and the Tukey's range test found that there was a significant difference on the inflammation size between the group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and the group with aquadest and 0.2% of chlorhexidine. Meanwhile, the mice group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and group with 25% of mangosteen peel extract did not show a significant difference in inflammatory size decrease. Conclusion: The mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5% was showing the highest anti-inflammatory potentials since the first measurement on the second hour after treatment.

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Background: Selection of students into medical school should have two distinct purposes: to enroll students that most likely to succeed in their academic and clinical year, and subsequently become competent and professional medical practitioner. Numbers of applicants and numbers of students accepted in Faculty of Medicine of Maranatha Christian University (MCU) was tend to increase each year. The selection of medical students was based on General Admission Test (GAT) prepared by admission committees of MCU. To improve the selection procedure, since 2009, the Faculty developed Medical Faculty Admission Test (MFAT) as additional selection tool to assess cognitive attributes in basic biomedical sciences. The objective of this study was to evaluate how well the selection criteria predict academic performance, and to identify if there were any aspects of prior academic history and student’s characteristic that correlate with subsequent students performance during medical program.Method: We studied students cohort of the 2009. Selection criteria were GAT and MFAT. Prior academic performance explained by student’s score on National High School Examination (NHSE) and student’s score on biology. Academic performance was defined as cumulative first year Grade Point Average (GPA). Correlation between GPA and selection criteria or student’s characteristic was calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Multiple regressions was performed for each outcome variable with all variables included. Statistical significance was set at p < 0,05Results: There were 167 students included in this study. Bivariate correlation analysis with Pearson’s correlation showed that MFAT (= 0,354,p<0,01) and GAT ( r=0,301, p<0,01) were correlated with student’s academic performance. The results of multivariate analysis with multiple regression showed that MFAT and GAT are predictors of first year academic performance defined by GPA (R multiple = 0,404, p<0,001).Conclusion: Medical Faculty of MCU selection criteria ere correlated with academic performance.

Obesity is one of the risk factor for dyslipidemia incident, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Treatment of obesity using common commercial drugs shows low rate of success, hence natural products may provide better or more efficient therapeutic approach. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) (Clusiaceae) peel extract contains xanthones and it is potentially used as alternative medicine for obesity. This research was done to determine the anti-obesity characteristics of Mangosteen Peel Extract (MPE) and its xanthones α-Mangostin (AM) and γ-Mangostin (GM) on 3T3L1 cell line. Anti-obesity effects of MPE and xanthones were investigated using differentiated-3T3L1 preadipocyte cells. Inhibitory activity of the extract and compounds on the production of Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (CHOL), Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, and lipid droplets were examined. MPE and its compound were capable to inhibit the production of TG, CHOL, G6PDH, lipid droplets. MPE 50 μg/mL and GM 75 μM were the most active to lower TG 57.95% and 59.72%, CHOL 33.33% and 31.68%, G6PDH 52.90%, 41.95%, lipid droplets 72.99% and 70.07% respectively. In conclusion mangosteen peel extract and γ-Mangostin are the most active antiobesity compared to α-Mangostin.

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Obesity is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis and its fat occurrence and development are associated with fat accumulation and adipocyte differentiation.  Thus, the suppression of adipocyte differentiation can be a potential anti-obesity approach to this health concern. This study examined the effect of mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) and xanthone (α-Mangostin (AM) and γ-Mangostin (GM)) on the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD1, LPL, aP2, adipoQ, and FAS in 3T3-L1 cells. Concentrations of MPE and xanthones used were based on the cytotoxic assay on 3T3-L1 cells. Three different MPE concentrations (0, 25, and 50 µg/ml) and three different AM concentrations (0, 25 and 50 µM) and GM (0, 50, and 75 µM) were used in the experiment. The expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD1, LPL, aP2, adipoQ, and FAS genes were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of the genes was down-regulated in the group of cells treated with 50 µg/ml of MPE and 50 µM of GM. However, the 25 µM and 50 µM of AM did not suppress PPARγ and SCD-1 expression. The 50 µM of AM also failed to reduce aP2 gene expression. Finally, MPE and GM showed potential anti-adipogenesis and anti-obesity effects by suppressing the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD1, LPL, aP2, adipoQ and FAS genes in 3T3-L1 cells.