BACKGROUND: Normal metabolism of oxygen and exogenous factors constantly generate free radicals which could be harmful to the human body. Human need antioxidants to provide protection against free radicals, thus plants are a good source of natural antioxidants. Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) has been known to possess several medicinal properties and contain numerous active phytochemical. In this research, we conducted phytochemical screening and antioxidant assay of P. niruri extract along with the compounds rutin and quercetin, which are flavonoids possessing medicinal properties. This study was conducted to determine P. niruri, rutin and quercetin as antioxidant.
METHODS:In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to detect phenol, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroid/triterpenoid, terpenoid and alkaloid in P. niruri extract. Antioxidant analysis of P. niruri, rutin and quercetin was conducted using total measured phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.
RESULTS:The study revealed that P. niruri extract contained saponin, phenol, flavonoid and tannin based on phytochemical screening. In DPPH and ABTS assays quercetin possessed highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 0.55 and 1.17 µg/ml respectively. Meanwhile, P. niruri extract showed the highest FRAP activity which was 373.95 µM Fe(II)/µg extract. Rutin possessed the lowest antioxidant activity in all antioxidant assays.
CONCLUSION:This study confirmed that P. niruri extract and quercetin have great potential as a natural antioxidant source.
KEYWORDS
− Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract (GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.
Atherosclerosis as one of the causes of cardiovascular disease will induce endothelial dysfunction and platelet aggregation. Mangostin peel extract (MPE) contains xanthones which have antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, anti-aggregation, and anti-inflammatory in preventing and inhibiting atherosclerosis. In this research, MPE was evaluated the xanthones quantitative based on standard xanthone compounds using High Liquid Performance Chromatography (HPLC) method and tested anti-aggregation platelet activity and ABTS+ 2,2-Azinobis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium (ABTS)-reducing activity. The anti-aggregation platelet using agonist namely adenosine diphosphate inducer (ADP), collagen (COLL), and epinephrine (EPN). Quantification of MPE using four xanthones compound as a marker, showed that MPE contained α-mangostin 105 ppm, γ-mangostin 7.20 ppm, 9.92 ppm Gar-C, and Gar-D 3.50 ppm. MPE and xathones had high ABTS-reducing activity and the most active was, α-mangostin with IC50 2.348 µg/ml. α-mangostin and γ-mangostin had anti-aggregation activity on EPN inducer were comparable with aspirin. MPE and xathones had no anti-aggregation activity on COLL and ADP inducer. MPE contain xathones including α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, Garcinone-C and Garcinone-D. MPE and xanthones have high ABTSreducing activity. MPE, α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, Garcinone-D decrease EPN-induced aggregation platelet. α-mangostin, γ-mangostin were the most active antia-ggregation and antioxidant activities.
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