BACKGROUND: Normal metabolism of oxygen and exogenous factors constantly generate free radicals which could be harmful to the human body. Human need antioxidants to provide protection against free radicals, thus plants are a good source of natural antioxidants. Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) has been known to possess several medicinal properties and contain numerous active phytochemical. In this research, we conducted phytochemical screening and antioxidant assay of P. niruri extract along with the compounds rutin and quercetin, which are flavonoids possessing medicinal properties. This study was conducted to determine P. niruri, rutin and quercetin as antioxidant. METHODS:In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to detect phenol, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroid/triterpenoid, terpenoid and alkaloid in P. niruri extract. Antioxidant analysis of P. niruri, rutin and quercetin was conducted using total measured phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. RESULTS:The study revealed that P. niruri extract contained saponin, phenol, flavonoid and tannin based on phytochemical screening. In DPPH and ABTS assays quercetin possessed highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 0.55 and 1.17 µg/ml respectively. Meanwhile, P. niruri extract showed the highest FRAP activity which was 373.95 µM Fe(II)/µg extract. Rutin possessed the lowest antioxidant activity in all antioxidant assays. CONCLUSION:This study confirmed that P. niruri extract and quercetin have great potential as a natural antioxidant source. KEYWORDS

− Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract (GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.

Atherosclerosis as one of the causes of cardiovascular disease will induce endothelial dysfunction and platelet aggregation. Mangostin peel extract (MPE) contains xanthones which have antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, anti-aggregation, and anti-inflammatory in preventing and inhibiting atherosclerosis. In this research, MPE was evaluated the xanthones quantitative based on standard xanthone compounds using High Liquid Performance Chromatography (HPLC) method and tested anti-aggregation platelet activity and ABTS+ 2,2-Azinobis-(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium (ABTS)-reducing activity. The anti-aggregation platelet using agonist namely adenosine diphosphate inducer (ADP), collagen (COLL), and epinephrine (EPN). Quantification of MPE using four xanthones compound as a marker, showed that MPE contained α-mangostin 105 ppm, γ-mangostin 7.20 ppm, 9.92 ppm Gar-C, and Gar-D 3.50 ppm. MPE and xathones had high ABTS-reducing activity and the most active was, α-mangostin with IC50 2.348 µg/ml. α-mangostin and γ-mangostin had anti-aggregation activity on EPN inducer were comparable with aspirin. MPE and xathones had no anti-aggregation activity on COLL and ADP inducer. MPE contain xathones including α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, Garcinone-C and Garcinone-D. MPE and xanthones have high ABTSreducing activity. MPE, α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, Garcinone-D decrease EPN-induced aggregation platelet. α-mangostin, γ-mangostin were the most active antia-ggregation and antioxidant activities.

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Objective: Breast cancer is a malignant disease of women most often found after cervical cancer in Indonesia. Increased levels of free radicals can cause DNA damage, which could lead to malignancy; this can play role in breast cancer etiopathogenesis. The present research was conducted to determine the activity of catechins as antioxidants and their potential efficacy in inhibiting breast cancer malignancy. Methods: The research was done by examining the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), the value of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and assays in breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MCF7). The cytotoxic potency was determined by the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. Results: The highest DPPH scavenging activity is presented by (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and the lowest by gallo catechins (GC). The highest SOD value were reached with EGC at 500 µg/ml, followed by (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) at 125 µg/ml, and GC at 31.25 µg/ml concentrations. The highest cytotoxic activity in T47D cell line for 24 and 48 h incubation was exhibited by (-)gallocatechin gallate (GCG). The greatest cytotoxic activity in MCF7 cell line for 24 h was presented by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and for 48 h incubation by (+)-catechin (C). Conclusion: Catechins have high antioxidant activities proven by both DPPH scavenging and SOD activities. They possess higher anticancer action on T47D than on MCF7 cell line.

<p><strong>Pendahuluan : </strong>Penyakit infeksi merupakan penyakit dengan prevalensi paling banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Resistensi mikroba terhadap antibiotik merupakan permasalahan dalam dunia pengobatan. <strong>Tujuan : </strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan<strong> </strong>untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak biji, kulit dan daun pepaya (<em>Carica papaya </em>L.), dan fraksi aktif ekstraknya serta menentukan golongan senyawa dari fraksi aktif yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri<strong> </strong><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> dan <em>Escherichia coli</em> <strong>Metode : </strong>Proses ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96% selama 3X24 jam. Ekstrak paling aktif di fraksinasi menggunakan pelarut metanol-air, etil asetat dan n-heksan. Uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>dan<em> Escherichia coli </em>dengan metode difusi agar. Fraksi dengan zona hambat terbesar dilakukan uji bioautografi untuk mengetahui golongan senyawa yang aktif sebagai antibakteri. <strong>Hasil : </strong>Ekstrak biji,kulit dan daun pepaya (<em>Carica papaya </em>L.) terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em> memiliki konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) berturut-turut 20%, 30% dan 20%. Sedangkan pada bakteri <em>Escherichia coli </em>berturut-berturut 10%, 20% dan 20%. Fraksi biji metanol-air, etil asetat dan n-heksan terhadap bakteri <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>memiliki konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) berturut-turut 5%, 5% dan 2,5%. Sedangkan pada bakteri <em>Escherichia coli </em>berturut-turut 5%, 2,5% dan 1%.  Pengujian KLT bioautografi fraksi n-heksan diperoleh daerah hambatan pada Rf 0,65 dan 0,88 untuk<strong>. Kesimpulan : </strong>Ekstrak etanol biji pepaya dan fraksi n-heksan biji pepaya merupakan ekstran dan fraksi yang paling aktif terhadap <em>Escherichia coli </em>dengan KHM 10% dan 1%. Hasil uji bioautografi terhadap fraksi n-heksan biji menunjukkan bahwa senyawa yang diduga memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <em>Escherichia coli </em>adalah golongan terpenoid.</p><strong>Kata kunci :</strong> Antibakteri, <em>Carica papaya </em>L.,<em> Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,</em>bioautografi kontak

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with oxidative reaction and hyperglycemic condition. Human body has an antioxidant defense system toward free radical, but overproduction of free radical causing imbalance condition between the free radical and the antioxidant defense in the body that lead to several diseases, including DM. Glucosidase is an enzyme that hydrolize carbohydrates causing increase of blood glucose level, so by inhibiting this enzyme blood glucose level in plasma could be effectively decreased. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel has been reported to have many potential roles, such as antioxidant and anti-glycemia. Therefore our current study was conducted to evaluate possible effectivity of Rambutan peel to scavenge free radical and to inhibit α- and β-glucosidases. METHODS:Rambutan peel extraction (RPE) was performed based on maceration method. Geraniin was used as control. For antioxidant study, 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test was performed. For glucosidase inhibitory activity study,  α- and β-glucosidases inhibitory activity tests were performed. Results were analyzed for median of Inhibitory Concentration (IC50).RESULTS: The scavenging activity of RPE was comparable with Geraniin. Meanwhile, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RPE was higher than the one of Geraniin. The α-glucosidase-inhibitory-activity IC50 of RPE and Geraniin were 0.106±0.080 μg/ml and 16.12±0.29 μg/ml, respectively. The β-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RPE was also higher than the one of Geraniin. The β-glucosidase-inhibitory-activity IC50 of RPE and Geraniin were 7.02±0.99 μg/ml and 19.81±0.66 μg/ml, respectively.CONCLUSION: Since RPE showed comparable free radical scavenging activity with Geraniin and higher α- and β-glucosidases inhibitory activities than Geraniin, RPE could be suggested as a promising antioxidant and antiglycemic agent. KEYWORDS: Nephelium lappaceum L., rambutan, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, free radical, diabetes mellitus, glucosidase, DPPH