Rationale
Deregulated attack behaviors have devastating social consequences; however, satisfactory clinical management for the behavior is still an unmet need so far. Social isolation (SI) has been common during the COVID-19 pandemic and may have detrimental effects on mental health, including eliciting heightened attack behavior.
Objectives
This study aims to explore whether injection of ZL006 can alleviate SI-induced escalation of attack behavior in mice.
Methods
Pharmacological tools, biochemical methods, and behavioral tests were used to explore the potential therapeutic effects of ZL006 targeting postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95)/neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) pathway on escalation of attack behavior induced by SI in mice.
Results
ZL006 mitigated SI-induced escalated attack behaviors and elevated nitric oxide (NO) level in the cortex of the SI mice. The beneficial effects of ZL006 lasted for at least 72 h after a single injection of ZL006. Potentiation of NO levels by L-arginine blocked the effects of ZL006. Moreover, a sub-effective dose of 7-NI in combination with a sub-effective dose of ZL006 decreased both SI-induced escalated attack behaviors and NO levels in mice subjected to SI.
Conclusions
Our study highlights the importance of the PSD95/nNOS pathway in mediating SI-induced escalation of attack behavior. ZL006 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating aggressive behaviors.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00213-021-06000-9.
A method for the determination of 11 mycotoxins in baked foods and raw materials by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) is reported in this paper. The samples were extracted with 20 mL 90% (v/v) acetonitrile aqueous solution containing 1% (v/v) formic acid, and the extracts were salted out by 2.0 g MgSO and 0.5 g NaCl, cleaned up by 300 mg C18. The analytes were carried out on a CORTECS C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.6 μ m) by gradient elution with 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate methanol with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. The results showed that the 11 mycotoxins had good linear relationships in their respective mass concentration ranges. The correlation coefficients were not less than 0.9960 and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were from 0.15 to 20.00 μ g/kg. The recoveries of the 11 mycotoxins in bread ranged from 64.38% to 122.61% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.52% to 12.99% at three spiked levels (=6). The method is demonstrated to be simple, fast, highly sensitive, reliable and it is effective to detect common mycotoxins in baked foods and raw materials.
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