In recent years, excessive exploitation and rapid population
growth
have posed numerous challenges. The climate crisis is deepening because
of the unabated use of fossil fuels and the ascendance of greenhouse
gas levels, so there is still an urgent need to seek different clean
energy sources and electricity generating methods with the purpose
of adjusting energy structures and solving environmental problems.
In the ubiquitous hydrologic cycle, at least 60 petawatts (1015 W) energy can be supplied, but little of it has yet been
utilized. Nowadays, hydrovoltaic intelligence has emerged and exhibited
an ecofriendly concept of electricity generation compared with traditional
methods with the rise of nanoscience and nanomaterials. Hence, it
provides the prospect of upgrading the mode of water energy use, constructing
a renewable energy industry, and alleviating environmental issues.
In this review, starting by introducing different types of hydrovoltaic
effect mechanismsenergy harvesting based on drawing potential
of liquids; energy harvesting based on water evaporation, and energy
harvesting based on moisture adsorptionwe summarize the fabrication
processes, material classifications, intelligent applications, and
representative advances in detail. Moreover, the future development
trends of hydrovoltaic intelligence and the challenges for improvement
in electrical output are further discussed.
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